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• topicRH
• topics
  • 44
    • shortAE
    • short_pubAE
    • topicArgumentation and Evolution
    • id44
    • topic_info
    • public_pr1
    • topic_pubArgumentation and Evolution
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id2
  • 47
    • shortAP
    • short_pubAP
    • topicASPECt 3D Tasks
    • id47
    • topic_info<p>ASPECt 3D tasks</p>
    • public_pr1
    • topic_pubASPECt-3D
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id3
  • 5
    • shortAM
    • short_pubAM
    • topicAtoms, Molecules, and States of Matter
    • id5
    • topic_info<p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">This topic deals with the particulate nature of matter and the basic assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory. Students are expected to know these ideas and to use them to provide molecular explanations of macroscopic phenomena such as the states of matter, phase changes, and thermal expansion. Related ideas, as well as ideas that are taught earlier and later, are included on accompanying assessment maps. The ideas presented here are based on Chapter 4, Section D of Benchmarks for Science Literacy (BSL) and Physical Science Content Standard B of National Science Education Standards (NSES). </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">NOTE: Students are not expected to recognize names or representations of specific atoms or molecules. Items dealing with atoms and molecules will use only the more common atoms and molecules, such as hydrogen, carbon, water, oxygen, air, alcohol, gold, iron, sulfur, etc.</span></span></p>
    • public_pr1
    • topic_pubAtoms, Molecules, and States of Matter
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id3
  • 31
    • shortCE
    • short_pubCE
    • topicCells: Composition of Organisms, Cell Structure, and Division
    • id31
    • topic_info
    • public_pr1
    • topic_pubCells
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id2
  • 20
    • shortCV
    • short_pubCV
    • topicNature of Science: Control of Variables
    • id20
    • topic_info<p>This topic addresses claims of causal relationships, a major part of the work of science. It is important for students to recognize when causal claims are being made that are based on insufficient evidence and to know why these claims might not be valid. The ideas presented here are based on Chapter 1: Nature of Science and Chapter 9: The Mathematical World of <i>Benchmarks for Science Literacy</i> (BSL) and <i>Science for All Americans</i>.</p>
    • public_pr0
    • topic_pubControl of Variables
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id4
  • 50
    • shortEC
    • short_pubEC
    • topicEnergy Changes
    • id50
    • topic_info
    • public_pr1
    • topic_pubEnergy Changes
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id3
  • 41
    • shortEB
    • short_pubEB
    • topicEnergy in Biology Curriculum Project
    • id41
    • topic_info
    • public_pr1
    • topic_pubEnergy in Biology
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id2
  • 28
    • shortEG
    • short_pubEG
    • topicForms of Energy
    • id28
    • topic_info<p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">This energy topic, EG, deals with motion energy, thermal energy, gravitational potential energy, and elastic potential energy. Related ideas, as well as ideas that are taught earlier and later, are included on an accompanying assessment map. The ideas presented here are based on Chapter 4, Section E, of Benchmarks for Science Literacy (BSL) (see Appendix A for the specific Benchmark). Other ideas about energy, including energy conservation, energy transformation, and energy transfer, will be part of the NG energy topic. </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caution: The emphasis here is not on learning the names of the forms of energy. The labels are used to help us keep track of the energy. </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Note: Students will not be assessed on their knowledge of the phrases &ldquo;kinetic energy&rdquo; or &ldquo;potential energy,&rdquo; which are covered under a later idea, 4E/H9** (NSES). Although the term &ldquo;kinetic energy&rdquo; will appear in parentheses whenever &ldquo;motion energy&rdquo; appears, and the term &ldquo;potential energy&rdquo; will be used in the context of gravitational potential energy.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Note: Students are not expected to know the difference between &ldquo;weight&rdquo; and &ldquo;mass.&rdquo; </span></span></p>
    • public_pr0
    • topic_pubEnergy: Forms, Transformation, Transfer, and Conservation
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id3
  • 29
    • shortNG
    • short_pubNG
    • topicEnergy Transformations, Energy Transfer, and Conservation of Energy
    • id29
    • topic_info<p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">This energy topic, NG, deals with energy transformations, energy transfer, and conservation of energy. Related ideas, as well as ideas that are taught earlier and later, are included on an accompanying assessment map (see page 11). The ideas presented here are based on Chapter 4, Section E, of Benchmarks for Science Literacy (BSL) and the Energy Transformations map of the Atlas of Science Literacy (see the appendix for the specific Benchmarks). Other ideas about energy, including motion energy, thermal energy, gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy, chemical potential energy, and radiant energy (light) are part of the EG energy topic.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Note: Students will not be assessed on their knowledge of the phrases &ldquo;kinetic energy&rdquo; or &ldquo;potential energy,&rdquo; which are covered under a later idea, 4E/H9** (NSES). Although the term &ldquo;kinetic energy&rdquo; will appear in parentheses whenever &ldquo;motion energy&rdquo; appears, and the term &ldquo;potential energy&rdquo; will be used in the context of gravitational potential energy.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Note: Students are not expected to know the difference between &ldquo;weight&rdquo; and &ldquo;mass.&rdquo; </span></span></p>
    • public_pr0
    • topic_pubEnergy: Forms, Transformation, Transfer, and Conservation
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id3
  • 35
    • shortRG
    • short_pubRG
    • topicEnergy Instrument Development Project
    • id35
    • topic_info
    • public_pr1
    • topic_pubEnergy: Forms, Transformation, Transfer, and Conservation
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id3
  • 43
    • shortES
    • short_pubES
    • topicEvolution & Shared Biochemistry
    • id43
    • topic_info
    • public_pr1
    • topic_pubEvolution & Shared Biochemistry
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id2
  • 15
    • shortEN
    • short_pubEN
    • topicNatural Selection
    • id15
    • topic_info
    • public_pr0
    • topic_pubEvolution and Natural Selection
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id2
  • 9
    • shortFM
    • short_pubFM
    • topicForce and Motion
    • id9
    • topic_info<div> <div> <p>This topic centers on Newton&rsquo;s Laws of Motion, and in particular, Newton&rsquo;s 2^nd Law. Students are expected to apply Newton&rsquo;s 2^nd Law to a variety of forces and motions.&nbsp; This topic&rsquo;s key ideas are based on benchmarks and standards from Chapter 4, Section F of <i>Benchmarks for Science Literacy </i>(BSL), Chapter 4, Section F of <i>Science for All Americans</i> (SFAA), and Content Standard B of <i>National Science Education Standards</i> (NSES).</p> <br/> </div> </div>
    • public_pr0
    • topic_pubForce and Motion
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id3
  • 16
    • shortBF
    • short_pubBF
    • topicBasic Functions in Humans
    • id16
    • topic_info
    • public_pr1
    • topic_pubHuman Body Systems
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id2
  • 11
    • shortID
    • short_pubIE
    • topicInterdependence, Diversity, and Survival
    • id11
    • topic_info<p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Interdependence of Life is about the dynamic interactions between organisms and their living and non-living environment and how changes in the environment affect the survival of individuals and entire populations. The topic describes the interactions among organisms in an ecosystem around obtaining food, reproduction, and protection.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>This topic is treated at the organismal level, not at the substance or molecular level.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>It does not deal with specific external features or internal body plans that organisms use in finding and consuming food, for reproduction, or for their defense and protection. Those ideas are treated under the topic of Evolution and Natural Selection. This topic does not deal with matter and energy transformations that occur in ecosystems (either at the substance or the molecular level), which are covered under the topic of Flow Matter and Energy in Natural Systems.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>The ideas presented here are drawn from the text of Chapter 5 of Science for All Americans, Chapter 5 of Benchmarks for Science Literacy, and from Content Standard C of the National Science Education Standards.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
    • public_pr1
    • topic_pubInterdependence in Ecosystems
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id2
  • 14
    • shortME
    • short_pubME
    • topicMatter and Energy in Living Systems
    • id14
    • topic_info<p>&nbsp;</p> <p> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 10"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 10"> <link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\jroseman.AD\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\clip_filelist.xml" /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><style type="text/css"> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p {mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]--></meta> </meta> </meta> </meta> </p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Matter and Energy in Living Systems is about the transformation of matter and energy among living organisms and between them and their physical environment. The topic focuses on the basic chemical reactions involved in making, using, and storing molecules from food and the energy sources and transformations involved in these processes. This topic emphasizes the molecular level but includes items that assess the substance level as well. It does not deal with ideas about the interdependence of living things at the organismal level, which are covered under the topic Interdependence of Life. The ideas presented here are drawn from the text of Chapter 5 of Science for All Americans and Chapter 5, Section E of Benchmarks for Science Literacy and are consistent with both the Life Science Content Statements in the 2009 National Assessment of Education Performance (NAEP) Science Framework and The College Board Science Standards for College Success.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
    • public_pr1
    • topic_pubMatter and Energy in Living Systems
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id2
  • 25
    • shortMO
    • short_pubMO
    • topicCross-cutting Themes: Models
    • id25
    • topic_info
    • public_pr0
    • topic_pubModels
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id4
  • 27
    • shortPT
    • short_pubPT
    • topicProcesses that shape the earth/Plate Tectonics Version II
    • id27
    • topic_info<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">Students first learn about motion in the outer layers of the earth in grades 6-8, and the mechanisms and consequences of plate movement are introduced later in grades 9-12. In grades 6-8 students learn that the outermost layer of the earth consists of rigid plates [note: students are not distinguishing between crust and upper mantle], and the plates move over a hot, slightly softened layer of rock. At this level, students also learn that the plates interact with each other as they move, forming mountains where they press together.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>In grades 9-12 students learn more about plate interactions and their consequences, such as earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. Also addressed in this topic is one causal mechanism for plate movement: circulation within the layer below the plates. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
    • public_pr1
    • topic_pubPlate Tectonics
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id1
  • 12
    • shortRH
    • short_pubRH
    • topicReproduction, Genes, and Heredity
    • id12
    • topic_info
    • public_pr0
    • topic_pubReproduction, Genes, and Heredity
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id2
  • 6
    • shortSC
    • short_pubSC
    • topicSubstances, Chemical Reactions, and Conservation
    • id6
    • topic_info<p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">This topic deals with characteristic properties of substances, chemical reactions, and conservation of matter. Students are expected to use the idea of characteristic properties to identify substances and to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred by recognizing that a new substance has formed. Students should also be able to use their knowledge of the particulate nature of matter to describe the rearrangement of atoms in chemical reactions and to understand that matter is conserved during various transformations of matter such as chemical reactions, changes of state, and dissolving. Related ideas, as well as ideas that are expected to be taught earlier and later, are included on accompanying assessment maps. The ideas presented here are based on Chapter 4, Section D, of Benchmarks for Science Literacy (BSL) and Physical Science Content Standard B of the National Science Education Standards (NSES) (see Appendix A for specific Benchmarks and Standards).</span></span></p>
    • public_pr1
    • topic_pubSubstances, Chemical Reactions, and Conservation of Matter
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id3
  • 3
    • shortWC
    • short_pubWC
    • topicWeather and Climate I: Basic Elements
    • id3
    • topic_info
    • public_pr1
    • topic_pubWeather and Climate I: Basic Elements
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id1
  • 32
    • shortCL
    • short_pubCL
    • topicWeather and Climate II: Seasonal Differences
    • id32
    • topic_info
    • public_pr1
    • topic_pubWeather and Climate II: Seasonal Differences
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id1
  • 26
    • shortWE
    • short_pubWE
    • topicWeathering, Erosion, and Deposition
    • id26
    • topic_info
    • public_pr1
    • topic_pubWeathering, Erosion, and Deposition
    • public_items1
    • idea_notes(null)
    • item_notes(null)
    • miscon_notes(null)
    • ngss_notes(null)
    • category_id1
• idea
  • 0
    • Idea
      • id300
      • codeA
      • ideaGenetic information is encoded in DNA molecules.
      • goal_id798
      • topic_id12
      • clarification<p> <i>Students are expected to know that:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Genetic (hereditary) information is the set of instructions that specifies the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms. </li> <li>Genetic information is found in all living organisms. </li> <li>The instructions that specify the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms are coded in DNA molecules (not in protein, carbohydrate, or fat molecules). </li> <li>DNA molecules are made up of four different types of subunits called nucleotides that are linked together in long chains. </li> <li>The sequence of subunits in a DNA molecule is what encodes the genetic information. </li> <li>DNA is packaged as chromosomes in the cells of organisms. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of a single DNA molecule. </li> <li>A gene is one or more segments of a DNA molecule that contributes to one or more particular physical and behavioral characteristics. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of many different genes. </li> </ol> <p> <i>Boundaries:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Students are not expected to know the names of the nucleotide subunits. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know that DNA is bound to histones and other proteins in chromosomes. </li> </ol>
      • complexity(null)
      • public1
      • deleted0
• idea_id300
• project_id3
• projects
  • 1
    • id1
    • titleOriginal Project
    • internal_notes
    • description
    • funder
    • complexity0
    • cluster0
    • multistat0
    • baseline0
    • control0
    • treatment0
    • deleted0
  • 2
    • id2
    • titleASPECt Project
    • internal_notes
    • descriptionThe goal of the Assessing Students' Progress on the Energy Concept (ASPECt) project was to develop a set of three tests that can be used to diagnose what students in grades 4 through 12 know about energy and to monitor their progress along a learning progression. Support materials are provided to help users interpret students' scores to learn more about what energy ideas students do and do not know and what misconceptions they may have.
    • funderThe research reported here was supported by the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, through Grant R305A120138 to the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not represent views of the Institute or the U.S. Department of Education.
    • complexity1
    • cluster1
    • multistat0
    • baseline0
    • control0
    • treatment0
    • deleted0
  • 3
    • id3
    • titleEvolution Project
    • internal_notes
    • description
    • funder
    • complexity0
    • cluster0
    • multistat1
    • baseline1
    • control1
    • treatment1
    • deleted0
  • 4
    • id4
    • titleTHSB Project
    • internal_notesThis tab is currently only visible to administrators.
    • descriptionThe Toward High School Biology (THSB) test items were developed to assess middle school students’ understanding of ideas about matter changes that are aligned to learning goals in the NRC Framework for K-12 Science Education and Next Generation Science Standards. The items were developed to evaluate the promise of the Toward High School Biology curriculum unit that is published by NSTA Press (AAAS, 2017). The test items can be used to assess students’ understanding of NGSS ideas, crosscutting concepts, and practices, irrespective of any specific curriculum. <br><br> Development of the test items involved reviewing the relevant NGSS learning goals, including performance expectations, evidence statements, disciplinary core ideas, science practices, and related statements from the NRC Framework. Research on student learning was examined to identify common misconceptions, which were then incorporated into the items as distractors. Items were pilot tested with 532 students from a school district that had adopted NGSS but was not participating in the curriculum study. The pilot test data was used to inform revisions to the items and the selection of the items for the final pre/posttest that was used to measure the effect of the curriculum on student learning gains. <br><br> The test items assess students’ understanding of ideas about chemical reactions at both the substance level and the atomic/molecular level in both simple physical systems and complex biological systems, along with aspects of the science practices of analyzing data, developing and using models, and constructing explanations. The field test of the curriculum unit included 36 multiple choice items, 3 of which also asked students to explain why the answer they chose is correct and the other answer choices are incorrect. Students took the test prior to their having instruction on the targeted ideas and again following instruction. Multiple-choice items, misconceptions assessed, and scoring rubrics for the two-tiered items are provided in this tab.
    • funderThe research reported here was supported by the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, through Grant R305A100714 to the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not represent views of the Institute or the U.S. Department of Education.
    • complexity0
    • cluster0
    • multistat1
    • baseline1
    • control0
    • treatment1
    • deleted0
  • 5
    • id5
    • titleMEGA Project
    • internal_notesThis tab is currently only visible to administrators. <br>
    • descriptionThe Matter and Energy for Growth and Activity (MEGA) test items were developed to assess high school students’ understanding of ideas about matter and energy changes and energy transfer that are aligned to learning goals in the NRC Framework for K-12 Science Education and Next Generation Science Standards. The items were developed to evaluate the promise of the Matter and Energy for Growth and Activity curriculum unit that is published by NSTA Press (AAAS, 2020). The test items can be used to assess students’ understanding of NGSS ideas, crosscutting concepts, and practices, irrespective of any specific curriculum. <br><br> Development of the test items involved reviewing the relevant NGSS learning goals, including performance expectations, evidence statements, disciplinary core ideas, science practices, and related statements from the NRC Framework and concepts on energy transfer in the Science College Board Science Standards for College Success (The College Board, 2009). Research on student learning was examined to identify common misconceptions, which were then incorporated into the items as distractors. Items were pilot tested with 1300 students from across the U.S. in school districts that were not participating in the curriculum study and continued to be piloted with each implementation of the unit. The data from pilot testing were used to inform revisions to the items and the selection of the items for the final pre/posttest that was used to measure the effect of the curriculum on student learning gains. <br><br> The test items assess students’ understanding of ideas about matter and energy changes during chemical reactions at both the substance level and the atomic/molecular level in both simple physical systems and complex biological systems, aspects of the crosscutting concept of systems and system models, and aspects of the science practices of analyzing data, developing and using models, and constructing explanations. Multiple-choice items, misconceptions assessed, and scoring rubrics for the constructed-response items are provided in this tab.
    • funderThe research reported here was supported by the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, through Grant R305A150310 to the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not represent views of the Institute or the U.S. Department of Education.
    • complexity0
    • cluster0
    • multistat1
    • baseline1
    • control0
    • treatment1
    • deleted0
  • 7
    • id7
    • titleLinguistics Project
    • internal_notesThis tab is currently only visible to administrators.
    • descriptionIn 2014, with funding from the National Science Foundation, we began to investigate which of many possible linguistic and cognitive factors might differentially affect the performance of non-native English-speaking students on science tests when compared to the performance of native English speakers. We had about 1000 test items in our item bank, and we knew whether English was the primary language of the students who had answered those test questions during field testing. The students in the testing sample ranged from 6th to 12th graders. We also knew from our field testing that, on average, the students whose primary language was not English scored about seven percentage points lower than students who said that English was their primary language. The challenge was to identify the factors that could explain that difference. <br><br> We combed the research literature for likely candidates and systematically narrowed the possible item features based on our own statistical analyses. In the end, we were unable to find anything that could reliably explain that seven percentage point difference. None of our cognitive or linguistic measures proved to be statistically significant predictors of the performance of native-English-speakers, English learners, or the difference between them. <br><br> We were left with the conclusion that the most likely explanation for the difference between the scores of the two groups was their understanding of the science content itself and, in turn, their opportunity to learn this content. This conclusion was confirmed toward the end of the project when we administered a sample of the test questions to students in a single school taught by the same teacher where about half of the students were native-English speakers and half were native-Spanish speakers. In this case, where the native-Spanish speakers received the same instruction from the same teacher side-by-side with the native English-speakers, there was no difference in performance. <br><br> Under this tab, you will find a variety of materials from this study. These include: <br><br> • A final technical report of the study, which describes the study and its results in their entirety. <br><br> • A report on a validation study that compared EL and non-EL student performance on two sets of items that had been revised to either make access to the items less or more challenging for EL students. <br><br> • Topic-level summaries that present the data that we collected and analyzed for each of 16 life, physical, and earth science topics. <br><br> • A summary of research that we compiled on the linguistic features that help or hinder EL access to assessment items. <br><br> • Conference presentations made throughout the course of the project
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    • codeLS3.A-M.1
    • sectionInheritance of Traits
    • textGenes are located in the chromosomes of cells, with each chromosome pair containing two variants of each of many distinct genes. Each distinct gene chiefly controls the production of specific proteins, which in turn affects the traits of the individual. Changes (mutations) to genes can result in changes to proteins, which can affect the structures and functions of the organism and thereby change traits.
    • primaryMS-LS3-1
    • secondaryNone
    • addresshttp://www.nextgenscience.org/dci-arrangement/ms-ls3-heredity-inheritance-and-variation-traits
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      • text<p> Which of the following could be affected by the information in the DNA molecules of an organism? </p> <ol class="itemAnswers item-answers" type="A"> <li>Both an organism’s physical characteristics and its behaviors </li> <li>An organism’s physical characteristics but not its behaviors </li> <li>An organism’s behaviors but not its physical characteristics </li> <li>Neither an organism’s physical characteristics nor its behaviors </li> </ol>
      • version1
      • titleBoth an organism's physical characteristics and its behaviors could be affected by the information in the organism's DNA molecules (no specific organism identified).
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
      • topic_id12
      • notes[Not camped, reviewed by JER & GDB] This version approved for piloting 4-15-08
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      • text<p> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Which of the following could be affected by the information in the DNA molecules of an organism?</font> </p> <ol type="A"> <li> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Both an organism's physical characteristics and the function of the organism's cells</font> </li> <li> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">An organism's physical characteristics but not the function of the organism's cells</font> </li> <li> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">The function of the organism's cells but not the organism's physical characteristics</font> </li> <li> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Neither an organism's physical characteristics nor the function of the organism's cells</font> </li> </ol>
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      • titleBoth an organism's physical characteristics and the function of the organism's cells could be affected by the information in the organism's DNA molecules (no specific organism identified).
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
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      • notes[Not camped, reviewed by JER & GDB] This version approved for piloting 4-15-08
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      • text<p> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Which of the following could be affected by the information in the DNA molecules of an organism such as a human?</span></span> </p> <ol type="A"> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Both the human’s physical characteristics and its behaviors</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The human’s physical characteristics but not its behaviors</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The human’s behaviors but not its physical characteristics</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Neither the human’s physical characteristics nor its behaviors</span></span> </li> </ol>
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      • titleBoth a human's physical characteristics and its behaviors could be affected by the information in the DNA molecules in the human.
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
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      • notes[Not camped, reviewed by JER & GDB] This version approved for piloting 4-15-08 approved for field testing 3-19-09
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      • text<p> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Which of the following could be affected by the information in the DNA molecules of an organism such as a plant?</span></span> </p> <ol type="A"> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Both the plant’s physical characteristics and its behaviors</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The plant’s physical characteristics but not its behaviors</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The plant’s behaviors but not its physical characteristics</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Neither the plant’s physical characteristics nor its behaviors</span></span> </li> </ol>
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      • titleBoth a plant's physical characteristics and its behaviors could be affected by the information in the DNA molecules in the plant.
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
      • topic_id12
      • notes[Not camped, reviewed by JER & GDB] This version approved for piloting 4-15-08 approved for field testing 3-19-09
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      • text<p> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Which of the following could be affected by the information in the DNA molecules of an organism such as a bird?</span></span> </p> <ol type="A"> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Both the bird’s physical characteristics and its behaviors</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The bird’s physical characteristics but not its behaviors</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The bird’s behaviors but not its physical characteristics</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Neither the bird’s physical characteristics nor its behaviors</span></span> </li> </ol>
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      • titleBoth a bird's physical characteristics and its behaviors could be affected by the information in the bird's DNA molecules.
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
      • topic_id12
      • notes[Not camped, reviewed by JER & GDB] This version approved for piloting 4-15-08 approved for field testing 3-19-09
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      • text<p> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Which of the following could be affected by the information in the DNA molecules of an organism such as an insect?</span></span> </p> <ol type="A"> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Both the insect’s physical characteristics and its behaviors</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The insect’s physical characteristics but not its behaviors</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The insect’s behaviors but not its physical characteristics</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Neither the insect’s physical characteristics nor its behaviors</span></span> </li> </ol>
      • version6
      • titleBoth an insect's physical characteristics and its behaviors could be affected by the information in the DNA molecules in the insect.
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
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      • notes[Not camped, reviewed by JER & GDB] This version approved for piloting 4-15-08 approved for field testing 3-19-09
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      • ideaDNA molecules provide the cells with instructions for assembling protein molecules from amino acids.
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      • clarification<p> <i>Students are expected to know that:</i> </p> <ol> <li>Protein molecules are made up of amino acid subunits linked together in a specific sequence. </li> <li>DNA molecules provide instructions for linking and ordering amino acids to form protein molecules. </li> <li>Each sequence of three nucleotides in a molecule of DNA codes for an amino acid. </li> <li>The set of nucleotides in a DNA molecule that provide instructions for assembling a particular protein molecule from amino acids is called a gene. </li> <li>20 different types of amino acids are used to make protein molecules. </li> <li>A change to the sequence of nucleotides in a gene within a molecule of DNA can alter the protein that is produced. </li> <li>Changes to the sequence of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA can come from insertions, deletions, or substitutions of one or more nucleotide subunits in a DNA molecule. </li> <li>Changes to the sequence of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA are called mutations.<br> </li> </ol> <p> <i>Boundaries:</i> </p> <ol> <li>Students are not expected to know the terms: transcription, translation, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, codons, or anticodons. </li> </ol>
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        • idea_id304
    • 8
      • id300
      • codeA
      • ideaGenetic information is encoded in DNA molecules.
      • goal_id798
      • topic_id12
      • clarification<p> <i>Students are expected to know that:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Genetic (hereditary) information is the set of instructions that specifies the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms. </li> <li>Genetic information is found in all living organisms. </li> <li>The instructions that specify the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms are coded in DNA molecules (not in protein, carbohydrate, or fat molecules). </li> <li>DNA molecules are made up of four different types of subunits called nucleotides that are linked together in long chains. </li> <li>The sequence of subunits in a DNA molecule is what encodes the genetic information. </li> <li>DNA is packaged as chromosomes in the cells of organisms. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of a single DNA molecule. </li> <li>A gene is one or more segments of a DNA molecule that contributes to one or more particular physical and behavioral characteristics. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of many different genes. </li> </ol> <p> <i>Boundaries:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Students are not expected to know the names of the nucleotide subunits. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know that DNA is bound to histones and other proteins in chromosomes. </li> </ol>
      • complexity(null)
      • public1
      • deleted0
      • IdeasNgssLink
        • id505
        • item_id2269
        • ngss_link_id419
        • idea_id300
    • 9
      • id300
      • codeA
      • ideaGenetic information is encoded in DNA molecules.
      • goal_id798
      • topic_id12
      • clarification<p> <i>Students are expected to know that:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Genetic (hereditary) information is the set of instructions that specifies the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms. </li> <li>Genetic information is found in all living organisms. </li> <li>The instructions that specify the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms are coded in DNA molecules (not in protein, carbohydrate, or fat molecules). </li> <li>DNA molecules are made up of four different types of subunits called nucleotides that are linked together in long chains. </li> <li>The sequence of subunits in a DNA molecule is what encodes the genetic information. </li> <li>DNA is packaged as chromosomes in the cells of organisms. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of a single DNA molecule. </li> <li>A gene is one or more segments of a DNA molecule that contributes to one or more particular physical and behavioral characteristics. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of many different genes. </li> </ol> <p> <i>Boundaries:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Students are not expected to know the names of the nucleotide subunits. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know that DNA is bound to histones and other proteins in chromosomes. </li> </ol>
      • complexity(null)
      • public1
      • deleted0
      • IdeasNgssLink
        • id506
        • item_id2270
        • ngss_link_id419
        • idea_id300
    • 10
      • id300
      • codeA
      • ideaGenetic information is encoded in DNA molecules.
      • goal_id798
      • topic_id12
      • clarification<p> <i>Students are expected to know that:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Genetic (hereditary) information is the set of instructions that specifies the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms. </li> <li>Genetic information is found in all living organisms. </li> <li>The instructions that specify the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms are coded in DNA molecules (not in protein, carbohydrate, or fat molecules). </li> <li>DNA molecules are made up of four different types of subunits called nucleotides that are linked together in long chains. </li> <li>The sequence of subunits in a DNA molecule is what encodes the genetic information. </li> <li>DNA is packaged as chromosomes in the cells of organisms. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of a single DNA molecule. </li> <li>A gene is one or more segments of a DNA molecule that contributes to one or more particular physical and behavioral characteristics. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of many different genes. </li> </ol> <p> <i>Boundaries:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Students are not expected to know the names of the nucleotide subunits. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know that DNA is bound to histones and other proteins in chromosomes. </li> </ol>
      • complexity(null)
      • public1
      • deleted0
      • IdeasNgssLink
        • id507
        • item_id2962
        • ngss_link_id419
        • idea_id300
    • 11
      • id300
      • codeA
      • ideaGenetic information is encoded in DNA molecules.
      • goal_id798
      • topic_id12
      • clarification<p> <i>Students are expected to know that:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Genetic (hereditary) information is the set of instructions that specifies the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms. </li> <li>Genetic information is found in all living organisms. </li> <li>The instructions that specify the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms are coded in DNA molecules (not in protein, carbohydrate, or fat molecules). </li> <li>DNA molecules are made up of four different types of subunits called nucleotides that are linked together in long chains. </li> <li>The sequence of subunits in a DNA molecule is what encodes the genetic information. </li> <li>DNA is packaged as chromosomes in the cells of organisms. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of a single DNA molecule. </li> <li>A gene is one or more segments of a DNA molecule that contributes to one or more particular physical and behavioral characteristics. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of many different genes. </li> </ol> <p> <i>Boundaries:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Students are not expected to know the names of the nucleotide subunits. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know that DNA is bound to histones and other proteins in chromosomes. </li> </ol>
      • complexity(null)
      • public1
      • deleted0
      • IdeasNgssLink
        • id508
        • item_id2963
        • ngss_link_id419
        • idea_id300
    • 12
      • id300
      • codeA
      • ideaGenetic information is encoded in DNA molecules.
      • goal_id798
      • topic_id12
      • clarification<p> <i>Students are expected to know that:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Genetic (hereditary) information is the set of instructions that specifies the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms. </li> <li>Genetic information is found in all living organisms. </li> <li>The instructions that specify the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms are coded in DNA molecules (not in protein, carbohydrate, or fat molecules). </li> <li>DNA molecules are made up of four different types of subunits called nucleotides that are linked together in long chains. </li> <li>The sequence of subunits in a DNA molecule is what encodes the genetic information. </li> <li>DNA is packaged as chromosomes in the cells of organisms. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of a single DNA molecule. </li> <li>A gene is one or more segments of a DNA molecule that contributes to one or more particular physical and behavioral characteristics. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of many different genes. </li> </ol> <p> <i>Boundaries:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Students are not expected to know the names of the nucleotide subunits. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know that DNA is bound to histones and other proteins in chromosomes. </li> </ol>
      • complexity(null)
      • public1
      • deleted0
      • IdeasNgssLink
        • id509
        • item_id2964
        • ngss_link_id419
        • idea_id300
    • 13
      • id300
      • codeA
      • ideaGenetic information is encoded in DNA molecules.
      • goal_id798
      • topic_id12
      • clarification<p> <i>Students are expected to know that:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Genetic (hereditary) information is the set of instructions that specifies the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms. </li> <li>Genetic information is found in all living organisms. </li> <li>The instructions that specify the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms are coded in DNA molecules (not in protein, carbohydrate, or fat molecules). </li> <li>DNA molecules are made up of four different types of subunits called nucleotides that are linked together in long chains. </li> <li>The sequence of subunits in a DNA molecule is what encodes the genetic information. </li> <li>DNA is packaged as chromosomes in the cells of organisms. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of a single DNA molecule. </li> <li>A gene is one or more segments of a DNA molecule that contributes to one or more particular physical and behavioral characteristics. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of many different genes. </li> </ol> <p> <i>Boundaries:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Students are not expected to know the names of the nucleotide subunits. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know that DNA is bound to histones and other proteins in chromosomes. </li> </ol>
      • complexity(null)
      • public1
      • deleted0
      • IdeasNgssLink
        • id510
        • item_id2965
        • ngss_link_id419
        • idea_id300
    • 14
      • id300
      • codeA
      • ideaGenetic information is encoded in DNA molecules.
      • goal_id798
      • topic_id12
      • clarification<p> <i>Students are expected to know that:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Genetic (hereditary) information is the set of instructions that specifies the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms. </li> <li>Genetic information is found in all living organisms. </li> <li>The instructions that specify the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms are coded in DNA molecules (not in protein, carbohydrate, or fat molecules). </li> <li>DNA molecules are made up of four different types of subunits called nucleotides that are linked together in long chains. </li> <li>The sequence of subunits in a DNA molecule is what encodes the genetic information. </li> <li>DNA is packaged as chromosomes in the cells of organisms. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of a single DNA molecule. </li> <li>A gene is one or more segments of a DNA molecule that contributes to one or more particular physical and behavioral characteristics. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of many different genes. </li> </ol> <p> <i>Boundaries:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Students are not expected to know the names of the nucleotide subunits. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know that DNA is bound to histones and other proteins in chromosomes. </li> </ol>
      • complexity(null)
      • public1
      • deleted0
      • IdeasNgssLink
        • id941
        • item_id5410
        • ngss_link_id419
        • idea_id300
    • 15
      • id300
      • codeA
      • ideaGenetic information is encoded in DNA molecules.
      • goal_id798
      • topic_id12
      • clarification<p> <i>Students are expected to know that:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Genetic (hereditary) information is the set of instructions that specifies the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms. </li> <li>Genetic information is found in all living organisms. </li> <li>The instructions that specify the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms are coded in DNA molecules (not in protein, carbohydrate, or fat molecules). </li> <li>DNA molecules are made up of four different types of subunits called nucleotides that are linked together in long chains. </li> <li>The sequence of subunits in a DNA molecule is what encodes the genetic information. </li> <li>DNA is packaged as chromosomes in the cells of organisms. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of a single DNA molecule. </li> <li>A gene is one or more segments of a DNA molecule that contributes to one or more particular physical and behavioral characteristics. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of many different genes. </li> </ol> <p> <i>Boundaries:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Students are not expected to know the names of the nucleotide subunits. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know that DNA is bound to histones and other proteins in chromosomes. </li> </ol>
      • complexity(null)
      • public1
      • deleted0
      • IdeasNgssLink
        • id942
        • item_id5434
        • ngss_link_id419
        • idea_id300
    • 16
      • id376
      • codeOB
      • ideaHeredity/genetics
      • goal_id0
      • topic_id36
      • clarification
      • complexity
      • public1
      • deleted0
      • IdeasNgssLink
        • id1769
        • item_id5307
        • ngss_link_id419
        • idea_id376
    • 17
      • id419
      • codeC
      • ideaGenetic variation results from mutations and allele shuffling during reproduction, which leads to variation in proteins and, finally, to variation in traits.
      • goal_id897
      • topic_id15
      • clarification<p style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:">Students are expected to know that:</span></span></i></span></span></span> </p> <ol> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:">During reproduction, genetic information (DNA) passes from parent to offspring.</span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:">Heritable traits pass by way of genes (made of DNA) from parent to offspring.</span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:">Variation in DNA sequences leads to variation in proteins, which leads to variation in traits.</span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:">Heritability can be determined by comparing traits in parents and offspring. If a trait is heritable, offspring tend to resemble parents.</span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:">During sexual reproduction, individuals inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent. Each copy is called an allele.</span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:">Alleles of the same gene have some nucleotide sequences in common and some that are different.</span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:">Alleles are shuffled during sexual reproduction (recombination, independent assortment, and fertilization), which produces new allele combinations.</span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:">Allele shuffling during reproduction contributes to genetic variation in a population.</span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:">Mutation is a natural process that generates variation in DNA sequences, i.e., new alleles.</span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:">DNA variations that arise through mutation can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral (to the organism). DNA variations that decrease viability or reproduction are not propagated, so they are eliminated from the population. Most DNA variations have no effect on viability or reproduction, and through random chance many are maintained in the population.</span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:">Only when it happens in sex cells can mutation generate new alleles that can be passed to offspring. Mutations that occur in body cells cannot be passed on to offspring.</span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:">Mutations can occur in sex cells at any time.</span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> </ol>
      • complexity
      • public1
      • deleted0
      • IdeasNgssLink
        • id1769
        • item_id5307
        • ngss_link_id419
        • idea_id419
    • 18
      • id418
      • codeB
      • ideaAll living things contain genes made of DNA, and those genes code for proteins that are responsible for an organism's traits.
      • goal_id897
      • topic_id15
      • clarification<p style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style= "font-family:">Students are expected to know that:</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </p> <ol> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style= "line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">DNA is present in all organisms.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">DNA is made of a 4-letter code: A, C, G, T.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">A, C, T, G pair together in a specific and predictable way to form a DNA molecule.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes are made of DNA molecules.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes are responsible for both an organism's physical characteristics and the functions of its cells.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">A core set of genes is required for basic life functions; these are common to all types/domains of organisms.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes code for proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Cells make specific proteins by reading the genetic code in specific genes.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style= "line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins underlie the structure and function of all living things.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins build and operate an organism, working at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal level.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins are made from amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Different combinations of amino acids make different proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">The sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its structure and function.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">The arrangement of DNA building blocks in a gene specifies the types of amino acids and the order of amino acids in the protein it codes for.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Vastly different organisms make similar proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">All organisms make proteins the same way.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">All cells in an organism contain the same genes, but not all of those genes are used (expressed) by every cell.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Organisms can decode the information in each other's genes to build identical proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol> <p> &#160; </p>
      • complexity
      • public1
      • deleted0
      • IdeasNgssLink
        • id1788
        • item_id5320
        • ngss_link_id419
        • idea_id418
    • 19
      • id304
      • codeE
      • ideaThe protein molecules an organism makes affect the organism’s physical traits, physiology, and behaviors.
      • goal_id832
      • topic_id12
      • clarification<p> <i>Students are expected to know that</i>: </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>The presence, amount, type, or actions of protein molecules made in an organism’s cells are reflected in an organism’s traits. </li> <li>Protein molecules are involved in chemical reactions that are responsible for an organism’s body functions. </li> </ol> <p> <i>Boundaries</i>: </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Students are not expected to know any of the specific reactions that link proteins to traits. </li> </ol>
      • complexity(null)
      • public1
      • deleted0
      • IdeasNgssLink
        • id1788
        • item_id5320
        • ngss_link_id419
        • idea_id304
    • 20
      • id418
      • codeB
      • ideaAll living things contain genes made of DNA, and those genes code for proteins that are responsible for an organism's traits.
      • goal_id897
      • topic_id15
      • clarification<p style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style= "font-family:">Students are expected to know that:</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </p> <ol> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style= "line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">DNA is present in all organisms.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">DNA is made of a 4-letter code: A, C, G, T.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">A, C, T, G pair together in a specific and predictable way to form a DNA molecule.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes are made of DNA molecules.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes are responsible for both an organism's physical characteristics and the functions of its cells.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">A core set of genes is required for basic life functions; these are common to all types/domains of organisms.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes code for proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Cells make specific proteins by reading the genetic code in specific genes.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style= "line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins underlie the structure and function of all living things.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins build and operate an organism, working at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal level.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins are made from amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Different combinations of amino acids make different proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">The sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its structure and function.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">The arrangement of DNA building blocks in a gene specifies the types of amino acids and the order of amino acids in the protein it codes for.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Vastly different organisms make similar proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">All organisms make proteins the same way.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">All cells in an organism contain the same genes, but not all of those genes are used (expressed) by every cell.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Organisms can decode the information in each other's genes to build identical proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol> <p> &#160; </p>
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    • 21
      • id303
      • codeD
      • ideaDNA molecules provide the cells with instructions for assembling protein molecules from amino acids.
      • goal_id798
      • topic_id12
      • clarification<p> <i>Students are expected to know that:</i> </p> <ol> <li>Protein molecules are made up of amino acid subunits linked together in a specific sequence. </li> <li>DNA molecules provide instructions for linking and ordering amino acids to form protein molecules. </li> <li>Each sequence of three nucleotides in a molecule of DNA codes for an amino acid. </li> <li>The set of nucleotides in a DNA molecule that provide instructions for assembling a particular protein molecule from amino acids is called a gene. </li> <li>20 different types of amino acids are used to make protein molecules. </li> <li>A change to the sequence of nucleotides in a gene within a molecule of DNA can alter the protein that is produced. </li> <li>Changes to the sequence of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA can come from insertions, deletions, or substitutions of one or more nucleotide subunits in a DNA molecule. </li> <li>Changes to the sequence of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA are called mutations.<br> </li> </ol> <p> <i>Boundaries:</i> </p> <ol> <li>Students are not expected to know the terms: transcription, translation, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, codons, or anticodons. </li> </ol>
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    • 22
      • id304
      • codeE
      • ideaThe protein molecules an organism makes affect the organism’s physical traits, physiology, and behaviors.
      • goal_id832
      • topic_id12
      • clarification<p> <i>Students are expected to know that</i>: </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>The presence, amount, type, or actions of protein molecules made in an organism’s cells are reflected in an organism’s traits. </li> <li>Protein molecules are involved in chemical reactions that are responsible for an organism’s body functions. </li> </ol> <p> <i>Boundaries</i>: </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Students are not expected to know any of the specific reactions that link proteins to traits. </li> </ol>
      • complexity(null)
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    • 23
      • id418
      • codeB
      • ideaAll living things contain genes made of DNA, and those genes code for proteins that are responsible for an organism's traits.
      • goal_id897
      • topic_id15
      • clarification<p style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style= "font-family:">Students are expected to know that:</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </p> <ol> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style= "line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">DNA is present in all organisms.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">DNA is made of a 4-letter code: A, C, G, T.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">A, C, T, G pair together in a specific and predictable way to form a DNA molecule.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes are made of DNA molecules.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes are responsible for both an organism's physical characteristics and the functions of its cells.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">A core set of genes is required for basic life functions; these are common to all types/domains of organisms.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes code for proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Cells make specific proteins by reading the genetic code in specific genes.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style= "line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins underlie the structure and function of all living things.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins build and operate an organism, working at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal level.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins are made from amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Different combinations of amino acids make different proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">The sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its structure and function.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">The arrangement of DNA building blocks in a gene specifies the types of amino acids and the order of amino acids in the protein it codes for.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Vastly different organisms make similar proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">All organisms make proteins the same way.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">All cells in an organism contain the same genes, but not all of those genes are used (expressed) by every cell.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Organisms can decode the information in each other's genes to build identical proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol> <p> &#160; </p>
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      • id303
      • codeD
      • ideaDNA molecules provide the cells with instructions for assembling protein molecules from amino acids.
      • goal_id798
      • topic_id12
      • clarification<p> <i>Students are expected to know that:</i> </p> <ol> <li>Protein molecules are made up of amino acid subunits linked together in a specific sequence. </li> <li>DNA molecules provide instructions for linking and ordering amino acids to form protein molecules. </li> <li>Each sequence of three nucleotides in a molecule of DNA codes for an amino acid. </li> <li>The set of nucleotides in a DNA molecule that provide instructions for assembling a particular protein molecule from amino acids is called a gene. </li> <li>20 different types of amino acids are used to make protein molecules. </li> <li>A change to the sequence of nucleotides in a gene within a molecule of DNA can alter the protein that is produced. </li> <li>Changes to the sequence of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA can come from insertions, deletions, or substitutions of one or more nucleotide subunits in a DNA molecule. </li> <li>Changes to the sequence of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA are called mutations.<br> </li> </ol> <p> <i>Boundaries:</i> </p> <ol> <li>Students are not expected to know the terms: transcription, translation, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, codons, or anticodons. </li> </ol>
      • complexity(null)
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    • 25
      • id418
      • codeB
      • ideaAll living things contain genes made of DNA, and those genes code for proteins that are responsible for an organism's traits.
      • goal_id897
      • topic_id15
      • clarification<p style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style= "font-family:">Students are expected to know that:</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </p> <ol> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style= "line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">DNA is present in all organisms.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">DNA is made of a 4-letter code: A, C, G, T.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">A, C, T, G pair together in a specific and predictable way to form a DNA molecule.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes are made of DNA molecules.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes are responsible for both an organism's physical characteristics and the functions of its cells.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">A core set of genes is required for basic life functions; these are common to all types/domains of organisms.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes code for proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Cells make specific proteins by reading the genetic code in specific genes.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style= "line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins underlie the structure and function of all living things.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins build and operate an organism, working at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal level.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins are made from amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Different combinations of amino acids make different proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">The sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its structure and function.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">The arrangement of DNA building blocks in a gene specifies the types of amino acids and the order of amino acids in the protein it codes for.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Vastly different organisms make similar proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">All organisms make proteins the same way.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">All cells in an organism contain the same genes, but not all of those genes are used (expressed) by every cell.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Organisms can decode the information in each other's genes to build identical proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol> <p> &#160; </p>
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    • 26
      • id300
      • codeA
      • ideaGenetic information is encoded in DNA molecules.
      • goal_id798
      • topic_id12
      • clarification<p> <i>Students are expected to know that:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Genetic (hereditary) information is the set of instructions that specifies the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms. </li> <li>Genetic information is found in all living organisms. </li> <li>The instructions that specify the physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms are coded in DNA molecules (not in protein, carbohydrate, or fat molecules). </li> <li>DNA molecules are made up of four different types of subunits called nucleotides that are linked together in long chains. </li> <li>The sequence of subunits in a DNA molecule is what encodes the genetic information. </li> <li>DNA is packaged as chromosomes in the cells of organisms. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of a single DNA molecule. </li> <li>A gene is one or more segments of a DNA molecule that contributes to one or more particular physical and behavioral characteristics. </li> <li>Each chromosome is made of many different genes. </li> </ol> <p> <i>Boundaries:</i> </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Students are not expected to know the names of the nucleotide subunits. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know that DNA is bound to histones and other proteins in chromosomes. </li> </ol>
      • complexity(null)
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    • 27
      • id418
      • codeB
      • ideaAll living things contain genes made of DNA, and those genes code for proteins that are responsible for an organism's traits.
      • goal_id897
      • topic_id15
      • clarification<p style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style= "font-family:">Students are expected to know that:</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </p> <ol> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style= "line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">DNA is present in all organisms.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">DNA is made of a 4-letter code: A, C, G, T.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">A, C, T, G pair together in a specific and predictable way to form a DNA molecule.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes are made of DNA molecules.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes are responsible for both an organism's physical characteristics and the functions of its cells.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">A core set of genes is required for basic life functions; these are common to all types/domains of organisms.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes code for proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Cells make specific proteins by reading the genetic code in specific genes.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style= "line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins underlie the structure and function of all living things.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins build and operate an organism, working at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal level.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins are made from amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Different combinations of amino acids make different proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">The sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its structure and function.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">The arrangement of DNA building blocks in a gene specifies the types of amino acids and the order of amino acids in the protein it codes for.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Vastly different organisms make similar proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">All organisms make proteins the same way.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">All cells in an organism contain the same genes, but not all of those genes are used (expressed) by every cell.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Organisms can decode the information in each other's genes to build identical proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol> <p> &#160; </p>
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      • id304
      • codeE
      • ideaThe protein molecules an organism makes affect the organism’s physical traits, physiology, and behaviors.
      • goal_id832
      • topic_id12
      • clarification<p> <i>Students are expected to know that</i>: </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>The presence, amount, type, or actions of protein molecules made in an organism’s cells are reflected in an organism’s traits. </li> <li>Protein molecules are involved in chemical reactions that are responsible for an organism’s body functions. </li> </ol> <p> <i>Boundaries</i>: </p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li>Students are not expected to know any of the specific reactions that link proteins to traits. </li> </ol>
      • complexity(null)
      • public1
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    • 29
      • id418
      • codeB
      • ideaAll living things contain genes made of DNA, and those genes code for proteins that are responsible for an organism's traits.
      • goal_id897
      • topic_id15
      • clarification<p style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style= "font-family:">Students are expected to know that:</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </p> <ol> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style= "line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">DNA is present in all organisms.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">DNA is made of a 4-letter code: A, C, G, T.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">A, C, T, G pair together in a specific and predictable way to form a DNA molecule.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes are made of DNA molecules.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes are responsible for both an organism's physical characteristics and the functions of its cells.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">A core set of genes is required for basic life functions; these are common to all types/domains of organisms.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes code for proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Cells make specific proteins by reading the genetic code in specific genes.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style= "line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins underlie the structure and function of all living things.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins build and operate an organism, working at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal level.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins are made from amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Different combinations of amino acids make different proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">The sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its structure and function.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">The arrangement of DNA building blocks in a gene specifies the types of amino acids and the order of amino acids in the protein it codes for.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Vastly different organisms make similar proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">All organisms make proteins the same way.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">All cells in an organism contain the same genes, but not all of those genes are used (expressed) by every cell.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Organisms can decode the information in each other's genes to build identical proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol> <p> &#160; </p>
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    • 30
      • id303
      • codeD
      • ideaDNA molecules provide the cells with instructions for assembling protein molecules from amino acids.
      • goal_id798
      • topic_id12
      • clarification<p> <i>Students are expected to know that:</i> </p> <ol> <li>Protein molecules are made up of amino acid subunits linked together in a specific sequence. </li> <li>DNA molecules provide instructions for linking and ordering amino acids to form protein molecules. </li> <li>Each sequence of three nucleotides in a molecule of DNA codes for an amino acid. </li> <li>The set of nucleotides in a DNA molecule that provide instructions for assembling a particular protein molecule from amino acids is called a gene. </li> <li>20 different types of amino acids are used to make protein molecules. </li> <li>A change to the sequence of nucleotides in a gene within a molecule of DNA can alter the protein that is produced. </li> <li>Changes to the sequence of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA can come from insertions, deletions, or substitutions of one or more nucleotide subunits in a DNA molecule. </li> <li>Changes to the sequence of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA are called mutations.<br> </li> </ol> <p> <i>Boundaries:</i> </p> <ol> <li>Students are not expected to know the terms: transcription, translation, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, codons, or anticodons. </li> </ol>
      • complexity(null)
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    • 31
      • id418
      • codeB
      • ideaAll living things contain genes made of DNA, and those genes code for proteins that are responsible for an organism's traits.
      • goal_id897
      • topic_id15
      • clarification<p style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style= "font-family:">Students are expected to know that:</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </p> <ol> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style= "line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">DNA is present in all organisms.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">DNA is made of a 4-letter code: A, C, G, T.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">A, C, T, G pair together in a specific and predictable way to form a DNA molecule.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes are made of DNA molecules.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes are responsible for both an organism's physical characteristics and the functions of its cells.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">A core set of genes is required for basic life functions; these are common to all types/domains of organisms.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Genes code for proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Cells make specific proteins by reading the genetic code in specific genes.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style= "line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins underlie the structure and function of all living things.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins build and operate an organism, working at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal level.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Proteins are made from amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Different combinations of amino acids make different proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">The sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its structure and function.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">The arrangement of DNA building blocks in a gene specifies the types of amino acids and the order of amino acids in the protein it codes for.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">Vastly different organisms make similar proteins.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">All organisms make proteins the same way.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"><i><span style= "font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:">All cells in an organism contain the same genes, but not all of those genes are used (expressed) by every cell.</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; 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      • id2267
      • codeRH23-1
      • ownerndubois
      • text<p> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Many different types of protein molecules are made within cells.&#160; Which of the following could be influenced by the actions of those protein molecules?</font> </p> <ol type="A"> <li> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Both an organism's physical characteristics and its behaviors</font> </li> <li> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">An organism's physical characteristics but not its behaviors</font> </li> <li> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">An organism's behaviors but not its physical characteristics</font> </li> <li> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Neither an organism's physical characteristics nor its behaviors</font> </li> </ol>
      • version1
      • titleBoth an organism's physical characteristics and its behaviors could be influenced by the actions of protein molecules (no specific organism identified).
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
      • topic_id12
      • notes[Not camped, reviewed by JER & GDB] This version approved for piloting 4-15-08
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    • 3
      • id2268
      • codeRH23-2
      • ownerndubois
      • text<p> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Many different types of protein molecules are made within cells.&#160; Which of the following could be influenced by the actions of those protein molecules?</font> </p> <ol type="A"> <li> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Both an organism's physical characteristics and the function of the organism's cells</font> </li> <li> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">An organism's physical characteristics but not the function of the organism's cells</font> </li> <li> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">The function of the organism's cells but not the organism's physical characteristics</font> </li> <li> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Neither an organism's physical characteristics nor the function of the organism's cells</font> </li> </ol>
      • version2
      • titleBoth an organism's physical characteristics and the function of the organism's cells could be influenced by the actions of protein molecules in an organism's cells (no specific organism identified).
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
      • topic_id12
      • notes[Not camped, reviewed by JER & GDB] This version approved for piloting 4-15-08
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    • 4
      • id2957
      • codeRH15-3
      • ownerjflanaga
      • text<p> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">What does the information in genes provide instructions for?</span></span> </p> <ol type="A"> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Assembling protein molecules</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Assembling chromosomes into DNA</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Rearranging DNA into protein molecules</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Rearranging DNA into traits</span></span> </li> </ol>
      • version3
      • titleThe information in genes provides instructions for assembling amino acids into protein molecules.
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
      • topic_id12
      • notesCamped 3-6-08 This version approved for piloting 4-15-08 approved for field testing 3-18-09
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      • id2967
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      • text<p> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Many different types of protein molecules are made within cells of an organism such as a human. Which of the following could be influenced by the actions of those protein molecules?</span></span> </p> <ol type="A"> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Both a human’s physical characteristics and its behaviors</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">A human’s physical characteristics but not its behaviors</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">A human’s behaviors but not its physical characteristics</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Neither a human’s physical characteristics nor its behaviors</span></span> </li> </ol>
      • version3
      • titleBoth a human's physical characteristics and its behaviors could be influenced by the actions of protein molecules within the cells of the human.
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
      • topic_id12
      • notes[Not camped, reviewed by JER & GDB] This version approved for piloting 4-15-08 approved for field testing 3-19-09
      • sourceP2061
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    • 6
      • id2968
      • codeRH23-4
      • ownerjflanaga
      • text<p> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Many different types of protein molecules are made within cells of an organism such as a bird. Which of the following could be influenced by the actions of those protein molecules?</span></span> </p> <ol type="A"> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Both a bird's physical characteristics and its behaviors</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">A bird’s physical characteristics but not its behaviors</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">A bird’s behaviors but not its physical characteristics</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Neither a bird’s physical characteristics nor its behaviors</span></span> </li> </ol>
      • version4
      • titleBoth a bird's physical characteristics and its behaviors could be influenced by the actions of protein molecules within the bird's cells.
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
      • topic_id12
      • notes[Not camped, reviewed by JER & GDB] This version approved for piloting 4-15-08 approved for field testing 3-19-09
      • sourceP2061
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    • 7
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      • codeRH23-5
      • ownerjflanaga
      • text<p> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Many different types of protein molecules are made within cells of an organism such as an insect. Which of the following could be influenced by the actions of those protein molecules?</span></span> </p> <ol type="A"> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Both an insect's physical characteristics and its behaviors</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">An insect’s physical characteristics but not its behaviors</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">An insect’s behaviors but not its physical characteristics</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Neither an insect’s physical characteristics nor its behaviors</span></span> </li> </ol>
      • version5
      • titleBoth an insect's physical characteristics and its behaviors could be influenced by the actions of protein molecules within the insect's cells.
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
      • topic_id12
      • notes[Not camped, reviewed by JER & GDB] This version approved for piloting 4-15-08 approved for field testing 3-19-09
      • sourceP2061
      • attribution
      • answerA
      • answer_typeS
      • response_count4
      • locked0
      • public0
      • contextProteins: insect
      • deleted0
      • img_support0
      • item_status1011
      • html_check0
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    • 8
      • id2970
      • codeRH23-6
      • ownerjflanaga
      • text<p> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Many different types of protein molecules are made within cells of an organism such as a plant. Which of the following could be influenced by the actions of those protein molecules?</span></span> </p> <ol type="A"> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Both a plant's physical characteristics and its behaviors</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">A plant’s physical characteristics but not its behaviors</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">A plant’s behaviors but not its physical characteristics</span></span> </li> <li> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Neither a plant’s physical characteristics nor its behaviors</span></span> </li> </ol>
      • version6
      • titleBoth a plant's physical characteristics and its behaviors could be influenced by the actions of protein molecules within the plant's cells.
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
      • topic_id12
      • notes[Not camped, reviewed by JER & GDB] This version approved for piloting 4-15-08 approved for field testing 3-19-09
      • sourceP2061
      • attribution
      • answerA
      • answer_typeS
      • response_count4
      • locked0
      • public0
      • contextProteins: plant
      • deleted0
      • img_support0
      • item_status1011
      • html_check0
      • ngss_notes
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    • 9
      • id5027
      • codeRH24-7
      • ownerjhardcastle
      • text<p> Which of the following could be affected by the information in the DNA molecules of an organism? </p> <ol class="itemAnswers" type="A"> <li>Both an organism's physical characteristics and the function of the organism's cells </li> <li>An organism's physical characteristics but not the function of the organism's cells </li> <li>The function of the organism's cells but not the organism's physical characteristics </li> <li>Neither an organism's physical characteristics nor the function of the organism's cells </li> </ol>
      • version7
      • titleBoth an organism's physical characteristics and the function of the organism's cells could be affected by the information in the organism's DNA molecules (no specific organism identified).
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
      • topic_id12
      • notes08/2016
      • sourceP2061
      • attribution
      • answerA
      • answer_typeS
      • response_count4
      • locked0
      • public0
      • contextDNA: characteristics & cell functions
      • deleted0
      • img_support0
      • item_status1111
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        • topicReproduction, Genes, and Heredity
        • id12
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          • id3
          • titleEvolution Project
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          • id300
          • ideaGenetic information is encoded in DNA molecules.
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        • 1
          • id418
          • ideaAll living things contain genes made of DNA, and those genes code for proteins that are responsible for an organism's traits.
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    • 10
      • id5028
      • codeRH19-3
      • ownerjhardcastle
      • text<p> What do DNA and proteins have to do with each other? </p> <ol class="itemAnswers" type="A"> <li>DNA is a type of protein. </li> <li>Proteins are a type of DNA. </li> <li>DNA provides information for making proteins. </li> <li>DNA and proteins have nothing to do with each other. </li> </ol>
      • version3
      • titleThe way DNA and proteins are related is that DNA provides information for making proteins.
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
      • topic_id12
      • notesEdited 08/2016
      • sourceP2061
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      • answerC
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      • contextRelationship - DNA and proteins
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        • topicReproduction, Genes, and Heredity
        • id12
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          • id418
          • ideaAll living things contain genes made of DNA, and those genes code for proteins that are responsible for an organism's traits.
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        • 1
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          • ideaDNA molecules provide the cells with instructions for assembling protein molecules from amino acids.
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    • 11
      • id5307
      • codeEM42-4
      • ownerjhardcastle
      • text<p> Which of the following would support the claim&#160;that a particular behavioral trait found in a population of organisms is inherited? </p> <ol class="itemAnswers" type="A"> <li>If many individual organisms in that population had the trait </li> <li>If a gene was found for the trait </li> <li>If the trait could be learned by offspring from their parents </li> <li>If the trait was found in only one individual in that population </li> </ol>
      • version4
      • titleGenes are responsible for an organism's traits.
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
      • topic_id36
      • notesRevised August 2016 and August 2017
      • source
      • attributionWhich of the following shows that a trait is heritable? A. Many individual organisms have the trait. B. There is a gene that determines whether or not an organism will have the trait. C. Offspring learn the trait by watching their parents. D. The trait i
      • answerB
      • answer_typeS
      • response_count4
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      • contextheritable def.
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          • ideaGenetic variation results from mutations and allele shuffling during reproduction, which leads to variation in proteins and, finally, to variation in traits.
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    • 12
      • id5318
      • codeRH22-6
      • ownerjhardcastle
      • text<p> Evolutionary biologists study the proteins that organisms make b<span style="font-size: 17.3333px;">ecause the traits of organisms depend on the proteins they produce</span>. Which of the following are functions of protein molecules within cells? </p> <ol class="itemAnswers" type="A"> <li>Protein molecules help other molecules get in and out of cells, and they speed up chemical reactions in cells. </li> <li>Protein molecules help other molecules get in and out of cells, but they do not speed up chemical reactions in cells. </li> <li>Protein molecules speed up chemical reactions in cells, but they do not help other molecules get in and out of cells. </li> <li>Protein molecules do not help other molecules get in and out of cells, nor do they speed up chemical reactions in cells. </li> </ol>
      • version6
      • titleProtein molecules help other molecules get in and out of cells and speed up chemical reactions in cells.
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
      • topic_id12
      • notes08/2017
      • sourceP2061: JER
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      • answerA
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      • response_count4
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      • public0
      • contextProtein functions - enzymes and transport
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      • ngss_notesNGSS includes the idea that proteins can affect the structures and functions of an organism, but it is not specific about which functions of an organism proteins control.
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        • topicReproduction, Genes, and Heredity
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          • id418
          • ideaAll living things contain genes made of DNA, and those genes code for proteins that are responsible for an organism's traits.
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        • 1
          • id304
          • ideaThe protein molecules an organism makes affect the organism’s physical traits, physiology, and behaviors.
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    • 13
      • id5320
      • codeRH22-7
      • ownerjhardcastle
      • text<p> Because the traits of organisms depends on the proteins they produce, evolutionary biologists study the proteins that organisms make. Which of the following describes ways that protein molecules are important to an animal? </p> <ol class="itemAnswers" type="A"> <li>Protein molecules help cells carry out many of their functions, and they are part of body structures such as hair and nails. </li> <li>Protein molecules are part of body structures such as hair and nails, but they do not help cells carry out many of their functions. </li> <li>Protein molecules help cells carry out many of their functions, but they are not part of body structures such as hair and nails. </li> <li>Protein molecules do not help cells carry out many of their functions, and they are not part of body structures such as hair and nails. </li> </ol>
      • version7
      • titleProtein molecules help cells carry out many of their functions, and they are part of body structures such as hair and nails.
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
      • topic_id12
      • notesEdited 08/2017
      • sourceP2061: JER
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      • contextProtein functions - cellular processes and structural
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          • ideaAll living things contain genes made of DNA, and those genes code for proteins that are responsible for an organism's traits.
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    • 14
      • id5329
      • codeRH23-9
      • ownerjhardcastle
      • text<p> Because the traits of organisms depends on the proteins they produce, evolutionary biologists study the proteins that organisms make. Which of the following describes ways that protein molecules are important to an organism? </p> <ol class="itemAnswers" type="A"> <li>Proteins play a part in the development of an organism's physical characteristics and in the function of the organism's cells. </li> <li>Proteins play a part in the development of an organism's physical characteristics but not in the functions of the organism's cells. </li> <li>Proteins play a part in the function of the organism's cells but not in the development of the organism's physical characteristics. </li> <li>Proteins do not play a part in the development of an organism's physical characteristics nor in the function of the organism's cells. </li> </ol>
      • version9
      • titleBoth an organism's physical characteristics and the function of the organism's cells could be influenced by the actions of protein molecules in an organism's cells (no specific organism identified).
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
      • topic_id12
      • notesEdited 08/2017
      • sourceP2061
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      • answerA
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      • contextProteins: characteristics & cell functions
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          • ideaAll living things contain genes made of DNA, and those genes code for proteins that are responsible for an organism's traits.
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    • 15
      • id5354
      • codeRH20-3
      • ownerjhardcastle
      • text<p> Which of the following does DNA provide information for? </p> <ol class="itemAnswers" type="A"> <li>Both the types of amino acids that make up a protein, and the sequence of those amino acids </li> <li>The types of amino acids that make up a protein molecule, but not the sequence of amino acids </li> <li>The sequence of amino acids that make up a protein molecule, but not the types of amino acids </li> <li>Neither the types of amino acids that make up a protein, nor the sequence of those amino acids </li> </ol>
      • version3
      • titleDNA provides information for both the types and sequence of amino acids that make up a protein molecule.
      • date2019-05-19 11:13:02
      • topic_id12
      • notesCamped 3-6-08 This version approved for piloting 4-15-08 approved for field testing 3-19-09 Used for evolution RCT 08/2017
      • sourceP2061: GDB
      • attribution
      • answerA
      • answer_typeS
      • response_count4
      • locked0
      • public0
      • contextDNA provides info for type and sequence of aa
      • deleted0
      • img_support0
      • item_status1011
      • html_check0
      • ngss_notesThe fact that DNA controls the production of proteins is included in NGSS, but the mechanism is not specified.
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          • ideaAll living things contain genes made of DNA, and those genes code for proteins that are responsible for an organism's traits.
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          • ideaDNA molecules provide the cells with instructions for assembling protein molecules from amino acids.
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• meta
  • descriptionNGSS Link LS3.A-M.1: DNA molecules provide the cells with instructions for assembling protein molecules from amino acids.
• title_for_layoutTopics ~ Reproduction, Genes, and Heredity ~ NGSS Link LS3.A-M.1
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