AAAS Science Assessment ~ Topics ~ Evolution and Natural Selection ~ Misconception ENM033

Warning (2): Division by zero [APP/controllers/misconceptions_controller.php, line 134]Code | Context                    continue 2;

                endforeach; endforeach;

                $item['Stat'][0]['statm'] = round(($stat_data_miscons[$misconception['Misconception']['id']]['Total']/$stat_data['Total'])*100, 0);
$project_id	=	"1"
$topic	=	null
$idea_id	=	null
$id	=	0
$fields	=	array(
	"Misconception.*"
)
$conditions	=	array(
	"Misconception.code = 33",
	"Misconception.topic_id = 15"
)
$route_topic	=	array(
	array(
	"id" => "15",
	"topic_pub" => "Evolution and Natural Selection",
	"short" => "EN",
	"short_pub" => "EN"
)
)
$topic_id	=	"15"
$order	=	array()
$contain	=	array(
	"Idea",
	"Item" => array(
	"conditions" => array(),
	"order" => array(),
	"Idea" => array(),
	"Stat" => array(),
	"DistractorA",
	"DistractorB",
	"DistractorC",
	"DistractorD",
	"Topic",
	"Project"
),
	"Topic" => array(
	"fields" => "Topic.*"
)
)
$query_id	=	"eda79324326169e66051fbd3fcccf79a"
$misconception	=	array(
	"Misconception" => array(
	"id" => "1166",
	"code" => "33",
	"idea" => "Change to the characteristics of populations (i.e. the proportion of individuals in the population having certain traits) of organisms is always random, and is not influenced by the favorability of that change in a given environment (AAAS Project 2061, n.d.).",
	"topic_id" => "15",
	"public" => "0",
	"deleted" => "0"
),
	"Topic" => array(
	"short" => "EN",
	"short_pub" => "EN",
	"topic" => "Natural Selection",
	"id" => "15",
	"topic_info" => "",
	"public_pr" => "0",
	"topic_pub" => "Evolution and Natural Selection",
	"public_items" => "1",
	"idea_notes" => null,
	"item_notes" => null,
	"miscon_notes" => null,
	"ngss_notes" => null,
	"category_id" => "2"
),
	"Item" => array(
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array()
),
	"Idea" => array(
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array()
),
	"ItemRelated" => array()
)
$current_item_id	=	"5039"
$item	=	array(
	"id" => "5039",
	"code" => "EN28-3",
	"owner" => "jhardcastle",
	"text" => "<p>
  A species of bird ate many types of seeds, each type coming from a different species of tree.&#160; The birds' beaks varied in size, with some individuals having
  slightly smaller beaks and others having slightly larger beaks.
</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
  <img alt=""
     height="120"
     src="/items/media/uploads/image/Evolution%20&amp;%20Natural%20Selection/2%20finches%20drawing(2)%20with%20Text(1).jpg"
     width="361">
</p>
<p>
  A few years went by without much rain, and the only species of tree that survived had large seeds.&#160; Many generations later, almost all the birds had the
  slightly larger beaks.&#160; How is this best explained?
</p>
<ol class="itemAnswers"
    type="A">
  <li>The birds with larger beaks were better at eating the large seeds than those with smaller beaks, so only the birds with larger beaks got enough food to survive,
  reproduce, and pass the trait of large beaks to the next generation.
  </li>
  <li>The birds with smaller beaks had to work harder than those with larger beaks to crack open the large seeds.&#160; The more they used their beaks, the larger
  their beaks became, so they were able to get enough food to survive, reproduce, and pass the traits of large beaks to the next generation.
  </li>
  <li>The birds with smaller beaks grew their beaks so that they would be better able to eat the large seeds and get enough food to survive, reproduce, and pass the
  trait of larger beaks to the next generation.
  </li>
  <li>It was a chance occurrence that all the individual birds' beaks in the next generation were larger.&#160; They were therefore able to eat the large seeds and
  get enough food to survive, reproduce, and pass the trait of large beaks to the next generation.
  </li>
</ol>",
	"version" => "3",
	"title" => "If only large seeds are available, only the birds with large enough beaks will get enough food to survive and reproduce, and they will pass the trait of large beaks to the next generation.",
	"date" => "2019-05-19 11:13:02",
	"topic_id" => "15",
	"notes" => "edited 08/2016",
	"source" => "JCF/GDB/JER",
	"attribution" => "",
	"answer" => "A",
	"answer_type" => "S",
	"response_count" => "4",
	"locked" => "0",
	"public" => "0",
	"context" => "Finch beaks (Picture)",
	"deleted" => "0",
	"img_support" => "1",
	"item_status" => "1111",
	"html_check" => "0",
	"ngss_notes" => "",
	"grade_bands" => "MH",
	"scale_score" => "",
	"stats_file" => null,
	"n_value" => null,
	"ItemsMisconception" => array(
	"id" => "6033",
	"item_id" => "5039",
	"misconception_id" => "1166",
	"selection" => "D"
),
	"Topic" => array(
	"short" => "EN",
	"short_pub" => "EN",
	"topic" => "Natural Selection",
	"id" => "15",
	"topic_info" => "",
	"public_pr" => "0",
	"topic_pub" => "Evolution and Natural Selection",
	"public_items" => "1",
	"idea_notes" => null,
	"item_notes" => null,
	"miscon_notes" => null,
	"ngss_notes" => null,
	"category_id" => "2"
),
	"Stat" => array(
	array(),
	array(),
	array()
),
	"Project" => array(
	array()
),
	"Idea" => array(
	array()
),
	"DistractorA" => array(),
	"DistractorB" => array(
	array()
),
	"DistractorC" => array(
	array()
),
	"DistractorD" => array(
	array()
)
)
$item_index	=	1
$stat_data	=	array(
	"Correct" => "0",
	"Total" => "0",
	"ByGrade" => array(
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array(),
	array()
),
	"ByGradeRange" => array(
	"E" => array(),
	"M" => array(),
	"H" => array(),
	"" => array()
),
	"ByGender" => array(
	"M|F" => array(),
	"M" => array(),
	"F" => array(),
	"--" => array()
),
	"ByLang" => array(
	"" => array(),
	"--" => array(),
	"EN" => array(),
	"OT" => array()
),
	"A" => array(
	"Total" => "0",
	"ByGrade" => array(),
	"ByGradeRange" => array(),
	"ByGender" => array(),
	"ByLang" => array()
),
	"B" => array(
	"Total" => "0",
	"ByGrade" => array(),
	"ByGradeRange" => array(),
	"ByGender" => array(),
	"ByLang" => array()
),
	"C" => array(
	"Total" => "0",
	"ByGrade" => array(),
	"ByGradeRange" => array(),
	"ByGender" => array(),
	"ByLang" => array()
),
	"D" => array(
	"Total" => "0",
	"ByGrade" => array(),
	"ByGradeRange" => array(),
	"ByGender" => array(),
	"ByLang" => array()
)
)
$stat_data_miscons	=	array(
	array(
	"Distractors" => array(),
	"Total" => 0,
	"ByGradeRange" => array(),
	"ByGrade" => array(),
	"ByGender" => array(),
	"ByLang" => array()
)
)
$current_distractor	=	"DistractorD"
$distractor	=	array(
	"id" => "1166",
	"code" => "33",
	"idea" => "Change to the characteristics of populations (i.e. the proportion of individuals in the population having certain traits) of organisms is always random, and is not influenced by the favorability of that change in a given environment (AAAS Project 2061, n.d.).",
	"topic_id" => "15",
	"public" => "0",
	"deleted" => "0",
	"ItemsMisconception" => array(
	"id" => "6033",
	"item_id" => "5039",
	"misconception_id" => "1166",
	"selection" => "D"
)
)
$grade_range	=	"H"
$grade	=	12
$answer_choice	=	"D"
$num	=	"0"
$gender	=	"--"
$lang	=	"OT"
Debugger::handleError() - CORE/cake/libs/debugger.php, line 306
MisconceptionsController::view() - APP/controllers/misconceptions_controller.php, line 134
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/cake/dispatcher.php, line 204
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/cake/dispatcher.php, line 171
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 86

Change to the characteristics of populations (i.e. the proportion of individuals in the population having certain traits) of organisms is always random, and is not influenced by the favorability of that change in a given environment (AAAS Project 2061, n.d.).

Items that test for misconception ENM033 in this project (Original Project) and key idea ()
Item ID Number	Item Description	How Often the Misconception was Chosen
EN030002	Bacteria become resistant to antibiotics when a few individual resistant bacteria survive and reproduce, passing their resistance on to the next generation.	26%
EN034003	Some organisms survive and others die as the environment changes; this changes the proportion of organisms with certain traits in that population.	14%
EN034002	Some organisms survive and others die as the environment changes; this changes the percent of organisms with certain traits in that population.	14%
EN028002	If only large seeds are available, only the birds with large enough beaks will get enough food to survive and reproduce, and they will pass the trait of large beaks to the next generation.	13%

History
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Request History

No previous requests logged.

====
Session
+ –
Session
- Config
  userAgent0ca29adc1571f730c92d322ab2e86f75
  time1624885525
  timeout10
====
Request
+ –
Request

Cake Params
- controllermisconceptions
- actionview
- project_id1
- idENM033
- named(empty)
- pass
 0264
- plugin(null)
- url
 exthtml
 urlmisconceptions/1/ENM033/264
- form(empty)
- isAjax(false)
$_GET
- urlmisconceptions/1/ENM033/264
Cookie

To view Cookies, add CookieComponent to Controller

Current Route
- keys
 0project_id
 1id
- options
 project_id\d+
 id\w\wM\d{3}
- defaults
 controllermisconceptions
 actionview
 plugin(null)
- template/misconceptions/:project_id/:id/*
- _greedy(true)
- _compiledRoute#^/misconceptions(?:/(\d+))(?:/(\w\wM\d{3}))(?:/(?P<_args_>.*))?[/]*$#
- __headerMap
 typecontent_type
 methodrequest_method
 serverserver_name
====

Sql Log

+ –

Sql Logs

default

Query	Affected	Num. rows	Took (ms)	Actions
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `aros`	7	7	8	maybe slow
SELECT CHARACTER_SET_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLLATIONS WHERE COLLATION_NAME= 'utf8_general_ci';	1	1	7	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `acos`	7	7	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `aros_acos`	7	7	0
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `misconceptions`	6	6	10	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `topics`	13	13	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `categories`	3	3	0
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `stats`	13	13	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `items`	26	26	1
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `answers`	7	7	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `packets`	13	13	6	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `students`	8	8	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `items_packets`	7	7	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `drawing_inputs`	5	5	1	maybe slow
SELECT CHARACTER_SET_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLLATIONS WHERE COLLATION_NAME= 'utf8_unicode_ci';	1	1	0
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `drawing_input_options`	57	57	1
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `drawing_input_stamps`	5	5	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `rubrics`	8	8	6	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `posts`	8	8	0
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `ideas`	9	9	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `goals`	9	9	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `projects`	12	12	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `project_files`	7	7	3	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `items_projects`	3	3	0
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `projects_topics`	6	6	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `ideas_projects`	2	2	0
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `misconceptions_projects`	4	4	0
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `ngss_links`	9	9	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `items_ngss_links`	4	4	3	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `ideas_ngss_links`	4	4	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `ngss_links_projects`	4	4	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `ngss_links_topics`	4	4	0
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `clusters`	4	4	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `ideas_items`	4	4	0
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `clusters_ideas`	4	4	4
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `ideas_misconceptions`	6	6	0
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `users`	15	15	0
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `groups`	4	4	0
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `assessments`	13	13	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `participants`	15	15	2	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `responses`	9	9	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `assessments_items`	7	7	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `feedbacks`	10	10	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `items_users`	3	3	7	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `forms`	8	8	1	maybe slow
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `forms_items`	4	4	0
SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `items_misconceptions`	4	4	7	maybe slow
SELECT `Topic`.`id`, `Topic`.`topic_pub`, `Topic`.`short`, `Topic`.`short_pub`, `Category`.*, `Category`.`id` FROM `topics` AS `Topic` LEFT JOIN `categories` AS `Category` ON (`Topic`.`category_id` = `Category`.`id`) WHERE `Topic`.`public_items` = 1 ORDER BY `Topic`.`topic_pub` ASC	23	23	6	maybe slow
SELECT `Misconception`., `Topic`., `Topic`.`id`, `Misconception`.`id` FROM `misconceptions` AS `Misconception` LEFT JOIN `topics` AS `Topic` ON (`Misconception`.`topic_id` = `Topic`.`id`) WHERE `Misconception`.`code` = 33 AND `Misconception`.`topic_id` = 15	1	1	9	maybe slow
SELECT `Topic`.* FROM `topics` AS `Topic` WHERE `Topic`.`id` = 15	1	1	0
SELECT `Item`.`id`, `Item`.`code`, `Item`.`owner`, `Item`.`text`, `Item`.`version`, `Item`.`title`, `Item`.`date`, `Item`.`topic_id`, `Item`.`notes`, `Item`.`source`, `Item`.`attribution`, `Item`.`answer`, `Item`.`answer_type`, `Item`.`response_count`, `Item`.`locked`, `Item`.`public`, `Item`.`context`, `Item`.`deleted`, `Item`.`img_support`, `Item`.`item_status`, `Item`.`html_check`, `Item`.`ngss_notes`, `Item`.`grade_bands`, `Item`.`scale_score`, `Item`.`stats_file`, `Item`.`n_value`, `ItemsMisconception`.`id`, `ItemsMisconception`.`item_id`, `ItemsMisconception`.`misconception_id`, `ItemsMisconception`.`selection` FROM `items` AS `Item` JOIN `items_misconceptions` AS `ItemsMisconception` ON (`ItemsMisconception`.`misconception_id` = 1166 AND `ItemsMisconception`.`item_id` = `Item`.`id`) WHERE SUBSTRING(`Item`.`item_status`, 1, 1) <> '0' AND SUBSTRING(`Item`.`item_status`, 3, 1) = '1' AND SUBSTRING(`Item`.`item_status`, 4, 1) = '1' AND `Item`.`deleted` = 0 ORDER BY `Item`.`code` ASC	7	7	0
SELECT `Topic`.`short`, `Topic`.`short_pub`, `Topic`.`topic`, `Topic`.`id`, `Topic`.`topic_info`, `Topic`.`public_pr`, `Topic`.`topic_pub`, `Topic`.`public_items`, `Topic`.`idea_notes`, `Topic`.`item_notes`, `Topic`.`miscon_notes`, `Topic`.`ngss_notes`, `Topic`.`category_id` FROM `topics` AS `Topic` WHERE `Topic`.`id` = 15	1	1	0
SELECT `Topic`.`short`, `Topic`.`short_pub`, `Topic`.`topic`, `Topic`.`id`, `Topic`.`topic_info`, `Topic`.`public_pr`, `Topic`.`topic_pub`, `Topic`.`public_items`, `Topic`.`idea_notes`, `Topic`.`item_notes`, `Topic`.`miscon_notes`, `Topic`.`ngss_notes`, `Topic`.`category_id` FROM `topics` AS `Topic` WHERE `Topic`.`id` = 15	1	1	0
SELECT `Topic`.`short`, `Topic`.`short_pub`, `Topic`.`topic`, `Topic`.`id`, `Topic`.`topic_info`, `Topic`.`public_pr`, `Topic`.`topic_pub`, `Topic`.`public_items`, `Topic`.`idea_notes`, `Topic`.`item_notes`, `Topic`.`miscon_notes`, `Topic`.`ngss_notes`, `Topic`.`category_id` FROM `topics` AS `Topic` WHERE `Topic`.`id` = 15	1	1	0
SELECT `Topic`.`short`, `Topic`.`short_pub`, `Topic`.`topic`, `Topic`.`id`, `Topic`.`topic_info`, `Topic`.`public_pr`, `Topic`.`topic_pub`, `Topic`.`public_items`, `Topic`.`idea_notes`, `Topic`.`item_notes`, `Topic`.`miscon_notes`, `Topic`.`ngss_notes`, `Topic`.`category_id` FROM `topics` AS `Topic` WHERE `Topic`.`id` = 15	1	1	0
SELECT `Topic`.`short`, `Topic`.`short_pub`, `Topic`.`topic`, `Topic`.`id`, `Topic`.`topic_info`, `Topic`.`public_pr`, `Topic`.`topic_pub`, `Topic`.`public_items`, `Topic`.`idea_notes`, `Topic`.`item_notes`, `Topic`.`miscon_notes`, `Topic`.`ngss_notes`, `Topic`.`category_id` FROM `topics` AS `Topic` WHERE `Topic`.`id` = 15	1	1	0
SELECT `Topic`.`short`, `Topic`.`short_pub`, `Topic`.`topic`, `Topic`.`id`, `Topic`.`topic_info`, `Topic`.`public_pr`, `Topic`.`topic_pub`, `Topic`.`public_items`, `Topic`.`idea_notes`, `Topic`.`item_notes`, `Topic`.`miscon_notes`, `Topic`.`ngss_notes`, `Topic`.`category_id` FROM `topics` AS `Topic` WHERE `Topic`.`id` = 15	1	1	0
SELECT `Topic`.`short`, `Topic`.`short_pub`, `Topic`.`topic`, `Topic`.`id`, `Topic`.`topic_info`, `Topic`.`public_pr`, `Topic`.`topic_pub`, `Topic`.`public_items`, `Topic`.`idea_notes`, `Topic`.`item_notes`, `Topic`.`miscon_notes`, `Topic`.`ngss_notes`, `Topic`.`category_id` FROM `topics` AS `Topic` WHERE `Topic`.`id` = 15	1	1	0
SELECT `Stat`.`id`, `Stat`.`project_ref`, `Stat`.`group_ref`, `Stat`.`parameters`, `Stat`.`statr`, `Stat`.`data`, `Stat`.`item_id`, `Stat`.`idea_id`, `Stat`.`topic_id`, `Stat`.`statn`, `Stat`.`statp`, `Stat`.`fkclass`, `Stat`.`fkid` FROM `stats` AS `Stat` WHERE `Stat`.`topic_id` = 0 AND `Stat`.`idea_id` = 0 AND `Stat`.`parameters` IS NULL AND `Stat`.`item_id` IN (3382, 5039, 3384, 5317, 3392, 3393, 5047)	16	16	5	maybe slow
SELECT `Project`.`id`, `Project`.`title`, `Project`.`internal_notes`, `Project`.`description`, `Project`.`funder`, `Project`.`complexity`, `Project`.`cluster`, `Project`.`multistat`, `Project`.`baseline`, `Project`.`control`, `Project`.`treatment`, `Project`.`deleted`, `ItemsProject`.`id`, `ItemsProject`.`project_id`, `ItemsProject`.`item_id` FROM `projects` AS `Project` JOIN `items_projects` AS `ItemsProject` ON (`ItemsProject`.`item_id` IN (3382, 5039, 3384, 5317, 3392, 3393, 5047) AND `ItemsProject`.`project_id` = `Project`.`id`) ORDER BY `Project`.`id` ASC	8	8	0
SELECT `Idea`.`id`, `Idea`.`idea`, `IdeasItem`.`id`, `IdeasItem`.`item_id`, `IdeasItem`.`idea_id`, `IdeasItem`.`deleted` FROM `ideas` AS `Idea` JOIN `ideas_items` AS `IdeasItem` ON (`IdeasItem`.`item_id` IN (3382, 5039, 3384, 5317, 3392, 3393, 5047) AND `IdeasItem`.`idea_id` = `Idea`.`id`) WHERE `Idea`.`deleted` = 0 AND `IdeasItem`.`deleted` = 0 ORDER BY `Idea`.`code` ASC	7	7	3	maybe slow
SELECT `DistractorA`.`id`, `DistractorA`.`code`, `DistractorA`.`idea`, `DistractorA`.`topic_id`, `DistractorA`.`public`, `DistractorA`.`deleted`, `ItemsMisconception`.`id`, `ItemsMisconception`.`item_id`, `ItemsMisconception`.`misconception_id`, `ItemsMisconception`.`selection` FROM `misconceptions` AS `DistractorA` JOIN `items_misconceptions` AS `ItemsMisconception` ON (`ItemsMisconception`.`item_id` IN (3382, 5039, 3384, 5317, 3392, 3393, 5047) AND `ItemsMisconception`.`misconception_id` = `DistractorA`.`id`) WHERE `ItemsMisconception`.`selection` = 'A' ORDER BY `code` ASC	3	3	0
SELECT `DistractorB`.`id`, `DistractorB`.`code`, `DistractorB`.`idea`, `DistractorB`.`topic_id`, `DistractorB`.`public`, `DistractorB`.`deleted`, `ItemsMisconception`.`id`, `ItemsMisconception`.`item_id`, `ItemsMisconception`.`misconception_id`, `ItemsMisconception`.`selection` FROM `misconceptions` AS `DistractorB` JOIN `items_misconceptions` AS `ItemsMisconception` ON (`ItemsMisconception`.`item_id` IN (3382, 5039, 3384, 5317, 3392, 3393, 5047) AND `ItemsMisconception`.`misconception_id` = `DistractorB`.`id`) WHERE `ItemsMisconception`.`selection` = 'B' ORDER BY `code` ASC	6	6	0
SELECT `DistractorC`.`id`, `DistractorC`.`code`, `DistractorC`.`idea`, `DistractorC`.`topic_id`, `DistractorC`.`public`, `DistractorC`.`deleted`, `ItemsMisconception`.`id`, `ItemsMisconception`.`item_id`, `ItemsMisconception`.`misconception_id`, `ItemsMisconception`.`selection` FROM `misconceptions` AS `DistractorC` JOIN `items_misconceptions` AS `ItemsMisconception` ON (`ItemsMisconception`.`item_id` IN (3382, 5039, 3384, 5317, 3392, 3393, 5047) AND `ItemsMisconception`.`misconception_id` = `DistractorC`.`id`) WHERE `ItemsMisconception`.`selection` = 'C' ORDER BY `code` ASC	7	7	0
SELECT `DistractorD`.`id`, `DistractorD`.`code`, `DistractorD`.`idea`, `DistractorD`.`topic_id`, `DistractorD`.`public`, `DistractorD`.`deleted`, `ItemsMisconception`.`id`, `ItemsMisconception`.`item_id`, `ItemsMisconception`.`misconception_id`, `ItemsMisconception`.`selection` FROM `misconceptions` AS `DistractorD` JOIN `items_misconceptions` AS `ItemsMisconception` ON (`ItemsMisconception`.`item_id` IN (3382, 5039, 3384, 5317, 3392, 3393, 5047) AND `ItemsMisconception`.`misconception_id` = `DistractorD`.`id`) WHERE `ItemsMisconception`.`selection` = 'D' ORDER BY `code` ASC	11	11	9	maybe slow
SELECT `Idea`.`id`, `Idea`.`code`, `Idea`.`idea`, `Idea`.`goal_id`, `Idea`.`topic_id`, `Idea`.`clarification`, `Idea`.`complexity`, `Idea`.`public`, `Idea`.`deleted`, `IdeasMisconception`.`id`, `IdeasMisconception`.`misconception_id`, `IdeasMisconception`.`idea_id`, `IdeasMisconception`.`item_id`, `IdeasMisconception`.`selection`, `IdeasMisconception`.`deleted` FROM `ideas` AS `Idea` JOIN `ideas_misconceptions` AS `IdeasMisconception` ON (`IdeasMisconception`.`misconception_id` = 1166 AND `IdeasMisconception`.`idea_id` = `Idea`.`id`) WHERE `IdeasMisconception`.`deleted` = 0 AND `Idea`.`deleted` = 0	13	13	1	maybe slow
SELECT `Project`.* FROM `projects` AS `Project` WHERE 1 = 1 ORDER BY `Project`.`id` ASC	7	7	0

Query Explain:

Click an "Explain" link above, to see the query explanation.

====

Timer

+ –

Memory

Peak Memory Use 3.46 MB

Message	Memory use
Component initialization	2.53 MB
Controller action start	2.58 MB
Controller render start	2.97 MB
View render complete	3.22 MB

Timers

Total Request Time: 286 (ms)

Message	Time in ms	Graph
Core Processing (Derived)	166.46
Component initialization and startup	8.75
Controller action	47.41
Render Controller Action	5.29
» Rendering View	3.62
» » Rendering APP/views/misconceptions/view.ctp	2.43
» » Rendering APP/views/layouts/default.ctp	0.94

====

Log
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Logs

warning

Time Message
2021-06-28 05:45:26 Warning (2): Division by zero in [/srv/www/assessment/content/app/controllers/misconceptions_controller.php, line 134]

====
Variables
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View Variables
- topic(null)
- misconception
 Misconception
 id1166
 code33
 ideaChange to the characteristics of populations (i.e. the proportion of individuals in the population having certain traits) of organisms is always random, and is not influenced by the favorability of that change in a given environment (AAAS Project 2061, n.d.).
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 text Which of the following correctly describes what happens when a population of bacteria becomes resistant to an antibiotic?  Note: a bacterium is one individual in a group of bacteria. <ol type="A"> <li> During treatment with an antibiotic, each individual bacterium tries to become resistant to the antibiotic.  Only some are able to willingly become resistant, and these individuals survive to pass this trait to their offspring. </li> <li> During treatment with an antibiotic, all of the bacteria gradually become more resistant to the antibiotic the more they are exposed to it.  They all survive and pass this trait to their offspring. </li> <li> During treatment with an antibiotic, a population of bacteria usually dies.  Sometimes by chance, all members of the population become resistant at once, survive, and pass their resistance to their offspring. </li> <li> During treatment with an antibiotic, only those individual bacteria that already have a trait that helps them survive the effects of the antibiotic will live.  Their offspring in the next generation will also have this trait.  </li> </ol>
 version2
 titleBacteria become resistant to antibiotics when a few individual resistant bacteria survive and reproduce, passing their resistance on to the next generation.
 date2019-05-19 11:13:02
 topic_id15
 notesapproved for field testing 2-3-10
 sourceJCF/GDB/JER
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 text Which of the following correctly describes what happens when a population of bacteria becomes resistant to an antibiotic?  Note: a bacterium is a single individual in the population of bacteria. <ol class="itemAnswers" type="A"> <li>During treatment with an antibiotic, each individual bacterium tries to become resistant to the antibiotic. Only some are able to become resistant, and these individuals survive to pass this trait to their offspring. </li> <li>During treatment with an antibiotic, all of the bacteria gradually become more resistant to the antibiotic the more they are exposed to it.  They all survive and pass this trait to their offspring. </li> <li>During treatment with an antibiotic, a population of bacteria usually dies.  Sometimes by chance, all members of the population become resistant at once, survive, and pass their resistance to their offspring. </li> <li>During treatment with an antibiotic, only those individual bacteria that already have a trait that helps them survive the effects of the antibiotic will live.  Their offspring in the next generation will also have this trait.  </li> </ol>
 version4
 titleBacteria become resistant to antibiotics when a few individual resistant bacteria survive and reproduce, passing their resistance on to the next generation.
 date2019-05-19 11:13:02
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 text A population is a group of individuals of the same species. Can the proportion of individuals with certain traits in a population change because the environment changes? <ol class="itemAnswers item-answers" type="A"> <li>Yes, when the environment changes, individuals in a population can change their inherited traits to better fit the environment, and this changes the proportion of individuals with certain traits in that population. </li> <li>Yes, when the environment changes, individuals with certain inherited traits survive and reproduce and other individuals with different inherited traits die, and this changes the proportion of individuals with certain traits in a population. </li> <li>No, the proportion of individuals with certain inherited traits in a population changes randomly from one generation to the next, never as a result of changes to the environment. </li> <li>No, the proportion of individuals with certain inherited traits in a population cannot change because a population is all one species and so will always have the same inherited traits. </li> </ol>
 version3
 titleSome organisms survive and others die as the environment changes; this changes the proportion of organisms with certain traits in that population.
 date2019-05-19 11:13:02
 topic_id15
 notesApproved for field testing 2-3-10
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 text A population is a group of individuals of the same species. Can the percent of individuals with certain traits in a population change because the environment changes? <ol class="itemAnswers" type="A"> <li>Yes, when the environment changes, individuals in a population can change their inherited traits to better fit the environment, and this changes the percent of individuals with certain traits in that population. </li> <li>Yes, when the environment changes, individuals with certain inherited traits survive and reproduce and other individuals with different inherited traits die, and this changes the percent of individuals with certain traits in a population. </li> <li>No, the percent of individuals with certain inherited traits in a population changes randomly from one generation to the next, never as a result of changes to the environment. </li> <li>No, the percent of individuals with certain inherited traits in a population cannot change because a population is all one species and so will always have the same inherited traits. </li> </ol>
 version2
 titleSome organisms survive and others die as the environment changes; this changes the percent of organisms with certain traits in that population.
 date2019-05-19 11:13:02
 topic_id15
 notesApproved for field testing 2-3-10
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 text A species of bird ate many types of seeds, each type coming from a different species of tree.  The birds' beaks varied in size, with some individuals having slightly smaller beaks and others having slightly larger beaks. <img alt="" height="120" src="/items/media/uploads/image/Evolution%20&%20Natural%20Selection/2%20finches%20drawing(2)%20with%20Text(1).jpg" width="361"> A few years went by without much rain, and the only species of tree that survived had large seeds.  Many generations later, almost all the birds had the slightly larger beaks.  How is this best explained? <ol type="A"> <li> The birds with larger beaks were better at eating the large seeds than those with smaller beaks, so only the birds with larger beaks got enough food to survive, reproduce, and pass the trait of large beaks to the next generation. </li> <li> The birds with smaller beaks had to work harder than those with larger beaks to crack open the large seeds.  The more they used their beaks, the larger their beaks became, so they were able to get enough food to survive, reproduce, and pass the traits of large beaks to the next generation. </li> <li> The birds with smaller beaks grew their beaks so that they would be better able to eat the large seeds and get enough food to survive, reproduce, and pass the trait of larger beaks to the next generation. </li> <li> It was a chance occurrence that all the individual birds' beaks in the next generation were larger.  They were therefore able to eat the large seeds and get enough food to survive, reproduce, and pass the trait of large beaks to the next generation. </li> </ol>
 version2
 titleIf only large seeds are available, only the birds with large enough beaks will get enough food to survive and reproduce, and they will pass the trait of large beaks to the next generation.
 date2019-05-19 11:13:02
 topic_id15
 notesapproved for field testing 2-3-10
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 text A population is a group of individuals of the same species.  Can the percent of individuals with certain traits in a population change because the environment changes? <ol class="itemAnswers" type="A"> <li>Yes, when the environment changes, individuals in a population can change their inherited traits to better fit the environment, and this changes the percent of individuals with certain traits in that population. </li> <li>Yes, when the environment changes, individuals with certain inherited traits survive and reproduce and other individuals with different inherited traits die, and this changes the percent of individuals with certain traits in a population. </li> <li>No, the percent of individuals with certain inherited traits in a population changes randomly from one generation to the next, never as a result of changes to the environment. </li> <li>No, the percent of individuals with certain inherited traits in a population cannot change because a population is all one species and so will always have the same inherited traits.  </li> </ol>
 version4
 titleSome organisms survive and others die as the environment changes; this changes the percent of organisms with certain traits in that population.
 date2019-05-19 11:13:02
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 text A species of bird ate many types of seeds, each type coming from a different species of tree.  The birds' beaks varied in size, with some individuals having slightly smaller beaks and others having slightly larger beaks. <img alt="" height="120" src="/items/media/uploads/image/Evolution%20&%20Natural%20Selection/2%20finches%20drawing(2)%20with%20Text(1).jpg" width="361"> A few years went by without much rain, and the only species of tree that survived had large seeds.  Many generations later, almost all the birds had the slightly larger beaks.  How is this best explained? <ol class="itemAnswers" type="A"> <li>The birds with larger beaks were better at eating the large seeds than those with smaller beaks, so only the birds with larger beaks got enough food to survive, reproduce, and pass the trait of large beaks to the next generation. </li> <li>The birds with smaller beaks had to work harder than those with larger beaks to crack open the large seeds.  The more they used their beaks, the larger their beaks became, so they were able to get enough food to survive, reproduce, and pass the traits of large beaks to the next generation. </li> <li>The birds with smaller beaks grew their beaks so that they would be better able to eat the large seeds and get enough food to survive, reproduce, and pass the trait of larger beaks to the next generation. </li> <li>It was a chance occurrence that all the individual birds' beaks in the next generation were larger.  They were therefore able to eat the large seeds and get enough food to survive, reproduce, and pass the trait of large beaks to the next generation. </li> </ol>
 version3
 titleIf only large seeds are available, only the birds with large enough beaks will get enough food to survive and reproduce, and they will pass the trait of large beaks to the next generation.
 date2019-05-19 11:13:02
 topic_id15
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 clarification Students are expected to know that: <ol start="1" type="1"> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> There is variation in the inherited traits of organisms of the same species, including traits that affect their ability to find food, avoid predators, and attract mates. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Some inherited traits (e.g. bacterial resistance to antibiotics, skin pigmentation in some organisms) may give individuals of a species an advantage in surviving and reproducing in their environment compared to other individuals of the same species (e.g. increased ability to find food or nesting sites, avoid predators, attract mates, resist diseases). Conversely, the individuals that do not have advantageous trait(s) are more likely to be unable to survive and reproduce. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An organism’s survival influences its reproductive success. Usually, the longer an organism lives (during its reproductive years), the more chances it has to reproduce; therefore, traits that improve chances of survival (such as finding food or avoiding predators) also increase chances of success in reproduction. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Changes in environmental conditions (such as the appearance of a new predator, a slight change in temperature, or changes due to the eruption of a volcano) can change which traits are more advantageous (or less detrimental) in the new environment. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Because more of the individuals with favorable inherited traits survive and reproduce than those that do not have them, and because the favorable traits are passed on to the offspring, the proportion of individuals with the favorable inherited traits increases in each subsequent generation. This process is called natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection acts on existing heritable variations that confer a reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection requires variability, heritability, and reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> The process of natural selection does not lead to changes in the characteristics of individual organisms. It only changes the characteristics of populations (i.e. the proportion of individuals in the population having certain inherited traits) over time. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt">Adaptation is a process by which populations become well-suited to their environments through natural selection acting on many traits over many generations. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An adaptive trait evolves when increasingly advantageous variants repeatedly arise and become more common in subsequent generations through natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Even though organisms can be very different in both appearance and behavior from their ancestors of many generations ago, they retain some of the inherited traits of those early ancestors. </li> </ol> Boundaries: <ol> <li>Students are not expected to know the many ways speciation can occur in a population. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know the origin of variation among individuals in a population (i.e. how genetic mutations happen). </li> </ol>
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 clarification Students are expected to know that: <ol start="1" type="1"> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> There is variation in the inherited traits of organisms of the same species, including traits that affect their ability to find food, avoid predators, and attract mates. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Some inherited traits (e.g. bacterial resistance to antibiotics, skin pigmentation in some organisms) may give individuals of a species an advantage in surviving and reproducing in their environment compared to other individuals of the same species (e.g. increased ability to find food or nesting sites, avoid predators, attract mates, resist diseases). Conversely, the individuals that do not have advantageous trait(s) are more likely to be unable to survive and reproduce. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An organism’s survival influences its reproductive success. Usually, the longer an organism lives (during its reproductive years), the more chances it has to reproduce; therefore, traits that improve chances of survival (such as finding food or avoiding predators) also increase chances of success in reproduction. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Changes in environmental conditions (such as the appearance of a new predator, a slight change in temperature, or changes due to the eruption of a volcano) can change which traits are more advantageous (or less detrimental) in the new environment. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Because more of the individuals with favorable inherited traits survive and reproduce than those that do not have them, and because the favorable traits are passed on to the offspring, the proportion of individuals with the favorable inherited traits increases in each subsequent generation. This process is called natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection acts on existing heritable variations that confer a reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection requires variability, heritability, and reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> The process of natural selection does not lead to changes in the characteristics of individual organisms. It only changes the characteristics of populations (i.e. the proportion of individuals in the population having certain inherited traits) over time. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt">Adaptation is a process by which populations become well-suited to their environments through natural selection acting on many traits over many generations. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An adaptive trait evolves when increasingly advantageous variants repeatedly arise and become more common in subsequent generations through natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Even though organisms can be very different in both appearance and behavior from their ancestors of many generations ago, they retain some of the inherited traits of those early ancestors. </li> </ol> Boundaries: <ol> <li>Students are not expected to know the many ways speciation can occur in a population. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know the origin of variation among individuals in a population (i.e. how genetic mutations happen). </li> </ol>
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 clarification Students are expected to know that: <ol start="1" type="1"> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> There is variation in the inherited traits of organisms of the same species, including traits that affect their ability to find food, avoid predators, and attract mates. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Some inherited traits (e.g. bacterial resistance to antibiotics, skin pigmentation in some organisms) may give individuals of a species an advantage in surviving and reproducing in their environment compared to other individuals of the same species (e.g. increased ability to find food or nesting sites, avoid predators, attract mates, resist diseases). Conversely, the individuals that do not have advantageous trait(s) are more likely to be unable to survive and reproduce. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An organism’s survival influences its reproductive success. Usually, the longer an organism lives (during its reproductive years), the more chances it has to reproduce; therefore, traits that improve chances of survival (such as finding food or avoiding predators) also increase chances of success in reproduction. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Changes in environmental conditions (such as the appearance of a new predator, a slight change in temperature, or changes due to the eruption of a volcano) can change which traits are more advantageous (or less detrimental) in the new environment. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Because more of the individuals with favorable inherited traits survive and reproduce than those that do not have them, and because the favorable traits are passed on to the offspring, the proportion of individuals with the favorable inherited traits increases in each subsequent generation. This process is called natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection acts on existing heritable variations that confer a reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection requires variability, heritability, and reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> The process of natural selection does not lead to changes in the characteristics of individual organisms. It only changes the characteristics of populations (i.e. the proportion of individuals in the population having certain inherited traits) over time. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt">Adaptation is a process by which populations become well-suited to their environments through natural selection acting on many traits over many generations. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An adaptive trait evolves when increasingly advantageous variants repeatedly arise and become more common in subsequent generations through natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Even though organisms can be very different in both appearance and behavior from their ancestors of many generations ago, they retain some of the inherited traits of those early ancestors. </li> </ol> Boundaries: <ol> <li>Students are not expected to know the many ways speciation can occur in a population. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know the origin of variation among individuals in a population (i.e. how genetic mutations happen). </li> </ol>
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 clarification Students are expected to know that: <ol start="1" type="1"> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> There is variation in the inherited traits of organisms of the same species, including traits that affect their ability to find food, avoid predators, and attract mates. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Some inherited traits (e.g. bacterial resistance to antibiotics, skin pigmentation in some organisms) may give individuals of a species an advantage in surviving and reproducing in their environment compared to other individuals of the same species (e.g. increased ability to find food or nesting sites, avoid predators, attract mates, resist diseases). Conversely, the individuals that do not have advantageous trait(s) are more likely to be unable to survive and reproduce. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An organism’s survival influences its reproductive success. Usually, the longer an organism lives (during its reproductive years), the more chances it has to reproduce; therefore, traits that improve chances of survival (such as finding food or avoiding predators) also increase chances of success in reproduction. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Changes in environmental conditions (such as the appearance of a new predator, a slight change in temperature, or changes due to the eruption of a volcano) can change which traits are more advantageous (or less detrimental) in the new environment. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Because more of the individuals with favorable inherited traits survive and reproduce than those that do not have them, and because the favorable traits are passed on to the offspring, the proportion of individuals with the favorable inherited traits increases in each subsequent generation. This process is called natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection acts on existing heritable variations that confer a reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection requires variability, heritability, and reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> The process of natural selection does not lead to changes in the characteristics of individual organisms. It only changes the characteristics of populations (i.e. the proportion of individuals in the population having certain inherited traits) over time. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt">Adaptation is a process by which populations become well-suited to their environments through natural selection acting on many traits over many generations. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An adaptive trait evolves when increasingly advantageous variants repeatedly arise and become more common in subsequent generations through natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Even though organisms can be very different in both appearance and behavior from their ancestors of many generations ago, they retain some of the inherited traits of those early ancestors. </li> </ol> Boundaries: <ol> <li>Students are not expected to know the many ways speciation can occur in a population. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know the origin of variation among individuals in a population (i.e. how genetic mutations happen). </li> </ol>
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 ideaWhen inherited traits are favorable to individual organisms, the proportion of individuals in a population that have those traits will tend to increase over successive generations.
 goal_id897
 topic_id15
 clarification Students are expected to know that: <ol start="1" type="1"> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> There is variation in the inherited traits of organisms of the same species, including traits that affect their ability to find food, avoid predators, and attract mates. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Some inherited traits (e.g. bacterial resistance to antibiotics, skin pigmentation in some organisms) may give individuals of a species an advantage in surviving and reproducing in their environment compared to other individuals of the same species (e.g. increased ability to find food or nesting sites, avoid predators, attract mates, resist diseases). Conversely, the individuals that do not have advantageous trait(s) are more likely to be unable to survive and reproduce. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An organism’s survival influences its reproductive success. Usually, the longer an organism lives (during its reproductive years), the more chances it has to reproduce; therefore, traits that improve chances of survival (such as finding food or avoiding predators) also increase chances of success in reproduction. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Changes in environmental conditions (such as the appearance of a new predator, a slight change in temperature, or changes due to the eruption of a volcano) can change which traits are more advantageous (or less detrimental) in the new environment. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Because more of the individuals with favorable inherited traits survive and reproduce than those that do not have them, and because the favorable traits are passed on to the offspring, the proportion of individuals with the favorable inherited traits increases in each subsequent generation. This process is called natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection acts on existing heritable variations that confer a reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection requires variability, heritability, and reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> The process of natural selection does not lead to changes in the characteristics of individual organisms. It only changes the characteristics of populations (i.e. the proportion of individuals in the population having certain inherited traits) over time. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt">Adaptation is a process by which populations become well-suited to their environments through natural selection acting on many traits over many generations. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An adaptive trait evolves when increasingly advantageous variants repeatedly arise and become more common in subsequent generations through natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Even though organisms can be very different in both appearance and behavior from their ancestors of many generations ago, they retain some of the inherited traits of those early ancestors. </li> </ol> Boundaries: <ol> <li>Students are not expected to know the many ways speciation can occur in a population. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know the origin of variation among individuals in a population (i.e. how genetic mutations happen). </li> </ol>
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 ideaWhen inherited traits are favorable to individual organisms, the proportion of individuals in a population that have those traits will tend to increase over successive generations.
 goal_id897
 topic_id15
 clarification Students are expected to know that: <ol start="1" type="1"> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> There is variation in the inherited traits of organisms of the same species, including traits that affect their ability to find food, avoid predators, and attract mates. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Some inherited traits (e.g. bacterial resistance to antibiotics, skin pigmentation in some organisms) may give individuals of a species an advantage in surviving and reproducing in their environment compared to other individuals of the same species (e.g. increased ability to find food or nesting sites, avoid predators, attract mates, resist diseases). Conversely, the individuals that do not have advantageous trait(s) are more likely to be unable to survive and reproduce. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An organism’s survival influences its reproductive success. Usually, the longer an organism lives (during its reproductive years), the more chances it has to reproduce; therefore, traits that improve chances of survival (such as finding food or avoiding predators) also increase chances of success in reproduction. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Changes in environmental conditions (such as the appearance of a new predator, a slight change in temperature, or changes due to the eruption of a volcano) can change which traits are more advantageous (or less detrimental) in the new environment. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Because more of the individuals with favorable inherited traits survive and reproduce than those that do not have them, and because the favorable traits are passed on to the offspring, the proportion of individuals with the favorable inherited traits increases in each subsequent generation. This process is called natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection acts on existing heritable variations that confer a reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection requires variability, heritability, and reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> The process of natural selection does not lead to changes in the characteristics of individual organisms. It only changes the characteristics of populations (i.e. the proportion of individuals in the population having certain inherited traits) over time. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt">Adaptation is a process by which populations become well-suited to their environments through natural selection acting on many traits over many generations. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An adaptive trait evolves when increasingly advantageous variants repeatedly arise and become more common in subsequent generations through natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Even though organisms can be very different in both appearance and behavior from their ancestors of many generations ago, they retain some of the inherited traits of those early ancestors. </li> </ol> Boundaries: <ol> <li>Students are not expected to know the many ways speciation can occur in a population. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know the origin of variation among individuals in a population (i.e. how genetic mutations happen). </li> </ol>
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 ideaWhen inherited traits are favorable to individual organisms, the proportion of individuals in a population that have those traits will tend to increase over successive generations.
 goal_id897
 topic_id15
 clarification Students are expected to know that: <ol start="1" type="1"> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> There is variation in the inherited traits of organisms of the same species, including traits that affect their ability to find food, avoid predators, and attract mates. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Some inherited traits (e.g. bacterial resistance to antibiotics, skin pigmentation in some organisms) may give individuals of a species an advantage in surviving and reproducing in their environment compared to other individuals of the same species (e.g. increased ability to find food or nesting sites, avoid predators, attract mates, resist diseases). Conversely, the individuals that do not have advantageous trait(s) are more likely to be unable to survive and reproduce. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An organism’s survival influences its reproductive success. Usually, the longer an organism lives (during its reproductive years), the more chances it has to reproduce; therefore, traits that improve chances of survival (such as finding food or avoiding predators) also increase chances of success in reproduction. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Changes in environmental conditions (such as the appearance of a new predator, a slight change in temperature, or changes due to the eruption of a volcano) can change which traits are more advantageous (or less detrimental) in the new environment. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Because more of the individuals with favorable inherited traits survive and reproduce than those that do not have them, and because the favorable traits are passed on to the offspring, the proportion of individuals with the favorable inherited traits increases in each subsequent generation. This process is called natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection acts on existing heritable variations that confer a reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection requires variability, heritability, and reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> The process of natural selection does not lead to changes in the characteristics of individual organisms. It only changes the characteristics of populations (i.e. the proportion of individuals in the population having certain inherited traits) over time. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt">Adaptation is a process by which populations become well-suited to their environments through natural selection acting on many traits over many generations. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An adaptive trait evolves when increasingly advantageous variants repeatedly arise and become more common in subsequent generations through natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Even though organisms can be very different in both appearance and behavior from their ancestors of many generations ago, they retain some of the inherited traits of those early ancestors. </li> </ol> Boundaries: <ol> <li>Students are not expected to know the many ways speciation can occur in a population. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know the origin of variation among individuals in a population (i.e. how genetic mutations happen). </li> </ol>
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 ideaWhen inherited traits are favorable to individual organisms, the proportion of individuals in a population that have those traits will tend to increase over successive generations.
 goal_id897
 topic_id15
 clarification Students are expected to know that: <ol start="1" type="1"> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> There is variation in the inherited traits of organisms of the same species, including traits that affect their ability to find food, avoid predators, and attract mates. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Some inherited traits (e.g. bacterial resistance to antibiotics, skin pigmentation in some organisms) may give individuals of a species an advantage in surviving and reproducing in their environment compared to other individuals of the same species (e.g. increased ability to find food or nesting sites, avoid predators, attract mates, resist diseases). Conversely, the individuals that do not have advantageous trait(s) are more likely to be unable to survive and reproduce. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An organism’s survival influences its reproductive success. Usually, the longer an organism lives (during its reproductive years), the more chances it has to reproduce; therefore, traits that improve chances of survival (such as finding food or avoiding predators) also increase chances of success in reproduction. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Changes in environmental conditions (such as the appearance of a new predator, a slight change in temperature, or changes due to the eruption of a volcano) can change which traits are more advantageous (or less detrimental) in the new environment. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Because more of the individuals with favorable inherited traits survive and reproduce than those that do not have them, and because the favorable traits are passed on to the offspring, the proportion of individuals with the favorable inherited traits increases in each subsequent generation. This process is called natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection acts on existing heritable variations that confer a reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection requires variability, heritability, and reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> The process of natural selection does not lead to changes in the characteristics of individual organisms. It only changes the characteristics of populations (i.e. the proportion of individuals in the population having certain inherited traits) over time. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt">Adaptation is a process by which populations become well-suited to their environments through natural selection acting on many traits over many generations. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An adaptive trait evolves when increasingly advantageous variants repeatedly arise and become more common in subsequent generations through natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Even though organisms can be very different in both appearance and behavior from their ancestors of many generations ago, they retain some of the inherited traits of those early ancestors. </li> </ol> Boundaries: <ol> <li>Students are not expected to know the many ways speciation can occur in a population. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know the origin of variation among individuals in a population (i.e. how genetic mutations happen). </li> </ol>
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 ideaWhen inherited traits are favorable to individual organisms, the proportion of individuals in a population that have those traits will tend to increase over successive generations.
 goal_id897
 topic_id15
 clarification Students are expected to know that: <ol start="1" type="1"> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> There is variation in the inherited traits of organisms of the same species, including traits that affect their ability to find food, avoid predators, and attract mates. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Some inherited traits (e.g. bacterial resistance to antibiotics, skin pigmentation in some organisms) may give individuals of a species an advantage in surviving and reproducing in their environment compared to other individuals of the same species (e.g. increased ability to find food or nesting sites, avoid predators, attract mates, resist diseases). Conversely, the individuals that do not have advantageous trait(s) are more likely to be unable to survive and reproduce. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An organism’s survival influences its reproductive success. Usually, the longer an organism lives (during its reproductive years), the more chances it has to reproduce; therefore, traits that improve chances of survival (such as finding food or avoiding predators) also increase chances of success in reproduction. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Changes in environmental conditions (such as the appearance of a new predator, a slight change in temperature, or changes due to the eruption of a volcano) can change which traits are more advantageous (or less detrimental) in the new environment. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Because more of the individuals with favorable inherited traits survive and reproduce than those that do not have them, and because the favorable traits are passed on to the offspring, the proportion of individuals with the favorable inherited traits increases in each subsequent generation. This process is called natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection acts on existing heritable variations that confer a reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection requires variability, heritability, and reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> The process of natural selection does not lead to changes in the characteristics of individual organisms. It only changes the characteristics of populations (i.e. the proportion of individuals in the population having certain inherited traits) over time. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt">Adaptation is a process by which populations become well-suited to their environments through natural selection acting on many traits over many generations. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An adaptive trait evolves when increasingly advantageous variants repeatedly arise and become more common in subsequent generations through natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Even though organisms can be very different in both appearance and behavior from their ancestors of many generations ago, they retain some of the inherited traits of those early ancestors. </li> </ol> Boundaries: <ol> <li>Students are not expected to know the many ways speciation can occur in a population. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know the origin of variation among individuals in a population (i.e. how genetic mutations happen). </li> </ol>
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 ideaWhen inherited traits are favorable to individual organisms, the proportion of individuals in a population that have those traits will tend to increase over successive generations.
 goal_id897
 topic_id15
 clarification Students are expected to know that: <ol start="1" type="1"> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> There is variation in the inherited traits of organisms of the same species, including traits that affect their ability to find food, avoid predators, and attract mates. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Some inherited traits (e.g. bacterial resistance to antibiotics, skin pigmentation in some organisms) may give individuals of a species an advantage in surviving and reproducing in their environment compared to other individuals of the same species (e.g. increased ability to find food or nesting sites, avoid predators, attract mates, resist diseases). Conversely, the individuals that do not have advantageous trait(s) are more likely to be unable to survive and reproduce. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An organism’s survival influences its reproductive success. Usually, the longer an organism lives (during its reproductive years), the more chances it has to reproduce; therefore, traits that improve chances of survival (such as finding food or avoiding predators) also increase chances of success in reproduction. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Changes in environmental conditions (such as the appearance of a new predator, a slight change in temperature, or changes due to the eruption of a volcano) can change which traits are more advantageous (or less detrimental) in the new environment. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Because more of the individuals with favorable inherited traits survive and reproduce than those that do not have them, and because the favorable traits are passed on to the offspring, the proportion of individuals with the favorable inherited traits increases in each subsequent generation. This process is called natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection acts on existing heritable variations that confer a reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Natural selection requires variability, heritability, and reproductive advantage. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> The process of natural selection does not lead to changes in the characteristics of individual organisms. It only changes the characteristics of populations (i.e. the proportion of individuals in the population having certain inherited traits) over time. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt">Adaptation is a process by which populations become well-suited to their environments through natural selection acting on many traits over many generations. </li> <li style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin:0in 0in 10pt"> An adaptive trait evolves when increasingly advantageous variants repeatedly arise and become more common in subsequent generations through natural selection. </li> <li style="margin:0in 0in 10pt"> Even though organisms can be very different in both appearance and behavior from their ancestors of many generations ago, they retain some of the inherited traits of those early ancestors. </li> </ol> Boundaries: <ol> <li>Students are not expected to know the many ways speciation can occur in a population. </li> <li>Students are not expected to know the origin of variation among individuals in a population (i.e. how genetic mutations happen). </li> </ol>
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 IdeasMisconception
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 internal_notes
 description
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 2
 id2
 titleASPECt Project
 internal_notes
 descriptionThe goal of the Assessing Students' Progress on the Energy Concept (ASPECt) project was to develop a set of three tests that can be used to diagnose what students in grades 4 through 12 know about energy and to monitor their progress along a learning progression. Support materials are provided to help users interpret students' scores to learn more about what energy ideas students do and do not know and what misconceptions they may have.
 funderThe research reported here was supported by the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, through Grant R305A120138 to the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not represent views of the Institute or the U.S. Department of Education.
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 3
 id3
 titleEvolution Project
 internal_notes
 description
 funder
 complexity0
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 multistat1
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 4
 id4
 titleTHSB Project
 internal_notesThis tab is currently only visible to administrators.
 descriptionThe Toward High School Biology (THSB) test items were developed to assess middle school students’ understanding of ideas about matter changes that are aligned to learning goals in the NRC Framework for K-12 Science Education and Next Generation Science Standards. The items were developed to evaluate the promise of the Toward High School Biology curriculum unit that is published by NSTA Press (AAAS, 2017). The test items can be used to assess students’ understanding of NGSS ideas, crosscutting concepts, and practices, irrespective of any specific curriculum. Development of the test items involved reviewing the relevant NGSS learning goals, including performance expectations, evidence statements, disciplinary core ideas, science practices, and related statements from the NRC Framework. Research on student learning was examined to identify common misconceptions, which were then incorporated into the items as distractors. Items were pilot tested with 532 students from a school district that had adopted NGSS but was not participating in the curriculum study. The pilot test data was used to inform revisions to the items and the selection of the items for the final pre/posttest that was used to measure the effect of the curriculum on student learning gains. The test items assess students’ understanding of ideas about chemical reactions at both the substance level and the atomic/molecular level in both simple physical systems and complex biological systems, along with aspects of the science practices of analyzing data, developing and using models, and constructing explanations. The field test of the curriculum unit included 36 multiple choice items, 3 of which also asked students to explain why the answer they chose is correct and the other answer choices are incorrect. Students took the test prior to their having instruction on the targeted ideas and again following instruction. Multiple-choice items, misconceptions assessed, and scoring rubrics for the two-tiered items are provided in this tab.
 funderThe research reported here was supported by the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, through Grant R305A100714 to the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not represent views of the Institute or the U.S. Department of Education.
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 titleMEGA Project
 internal_notesThis tab is currently only visible to administrators. 
 descriptionThe Matter and Energy for Growth and Activity (MEGA) test items were developed to assess high school students’ understanding of ideas about matter and energy changes and energy transfer that are aligned to learning goals in the NRC Framework for K-12 Science Education and Next Generation Science Standards. The items were developed to evaluate the promise of the Matter and Energy for Growth and Activity curriculum unit that is published by NSTA Press (AAAS, 2020). The test items can be used to assess students’ understanding of NGSS ideas, crosscutting concepts, and practices, irrespective of any specific curriculum. Development of the test items involved reviewing the relevant NGSS learning goals, including performance expectations, evidence statements, disciplinary core ideas, science practices, and related statements from the NRC Framework and concepts on energy transfer in the Science College Board Science Standards for College Success (The College Board, 2009). Research on student learning was examined to identify common misconceptions, which were then incorporated into the items as distractors. Items were pilot tested with 1300 students from across the U.S. in school districts that were not participating in the curriculum study and continued to be piloted with each implementation of the unit. The data from pilot testing were used to inform revisions to the items and the selection of the items for the final pre/posttest that was used to measure the effect of the curriculum on student learning gains. The test items assess students’ understanding of ideas about matter and energy changes during chemical reactions at both the substance level and the atomic/molecular level in both simple physical systems and complex biological systems, aspects of the crosscutting concept of systems and system models, and aspects of the science practices of analyzing data, developing and using models, and constructing explanations. Multiple-choice items, misconceptions assessed, and scoring rubrics for the constructed-response items are provided in this tab.
 funderThe research reported here was supported by the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, through Grant R305A150310 to the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not represent views of the Institute or the U.S. Department of Education.
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 7
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 titleLinguistics Project
 internal_notesThis tab is currently only visible to administrators.
 descriptionIn 2014, with funding from the National Science Foundation, we began to investigate which of many possible linguistic and cognitive factors might differentially affect the performance of non-native English-speaking students on science tests when compared to the performance of native English speakers. We had about 1000 test items in our item bank, and we knew whether English was the primary language of the students who had answered those test questions during field testing. The students in the testing sample ranged from 6th to 12th graders. We also knew from our field testing that, on average, the students whose primary language was not English scored about seven percentage points lower than students who said that English was their primary language. The challenge was to identify the factors that could explain that difference. We combed the research literature for likely candidates and systematically narrowed the possible item features based on our own statistical analyses. In the end, we were unable to find anything that could reliably explain that seven percentage point difference. None of our cognitive or linguistic measures proved to be statistically significant predictors of the performance of native-English-speakers, English learners, or the difference between them. We were left with the conclusion that the most likely explanation for the difference between the scores of the two groups was their understanding of the science content itself and, in turn, their opportunity to learn this content. This conclusion was confirmed toward the end of the project when we administered a sample of the test questions to students in a single school taught by the same teacher where about half of the students were native-English speakers and half were native-Spanish speakers. In this case, where the native-Spanish speakers received the same instruction from the same teacher side-by-side with the native English-speakers, there was no difference in performance. Under this tab, you will find a variety of materials from this study. These include: • A final technical report of the study, which describes the study and its results in their entirety. • A report on a validation study that compared EL and non-EL student performance on two sets of items that had been revised to either make access to the items less or more challenging for EL students. • Topic-level summaries that present the data that we collected and analyzed for each of 16 life, physical, and earth science topics. • A summary of research that we compiled on the linguistic features that help or hinder EL access to assessment items. • Conference presentations made throughout the course of the project
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 description
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- meta
 descriptionMisconception ENM033: Change to the characteristics of populations (i.e. the proportion of individuals in the population having certain traits) of organisms is always random, and is not influenced by the favorability of that change in a given environment (AAAS Project 2061, n.d.).
- title_for_layoutTopics ~ Evolution and Natural Selection ~ Misconception ENM033
- topic_list
 1
 nameLife Science
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 id31
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 short_pubCE
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 3
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 topic_pubEvolution & Shared Biochemistry
 shortES
 short_pubES
 4
 id15
 topic_pubEvolution and Natural Selection
 shortEN
 short_pubEN
 5
 id16
 topic_pubHuman Body Systems
 shortBF
 short_pubBF
 6
 id11
 topic_pubInterdependence in Ecosystems
 shortID
 short_pubIE
 7
 id14
 topic_pubMatter and Energy in Living Systems
 shortME
 short_pubME
 8
 id12
 topic_pubReproduction, Genes, and Heredity
 shortRH
 short_pubRH
 2
 namePhysical Science
 topics
 0
 id47
 topic_pubASPECt-3D
 shortAP
 short_pubAP
 1
 id5
 topic_pubAtoms, Molecules, and States of Matter
 shortAM
 short_pubAM
 2
 id50
 topic_pubEnergy Changes
 shortEC
 short_pubEC
 3
 id28
 topic_pubEnergy: Forms, Transformation, Transfer, and Conservation
 shortEG
 short_pubEG
 4
 id29
 topic_pubEnergy: Forms, Transformation, Transfer, and Conservation
 shortNG
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 5
 id35
 topic_pubEnergy: Forms, Transformation, Transfer, and Conservation
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 topic_pubForce and Motion
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 topic_pubSubstances, Chemical Reactions, and Conservation of Matter
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 nameEarth Science
 topics
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 topic_pubPlate Tectonics
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 topic_pubWeather and Climate I: Basic Elements
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 topic_pubWeather and Climate II: Seasonal Differences
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 topic_pubWeathering, Erosion, and Deposition
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 nameNature of Science
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 topic_pubControl of Variables
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 topic_pubModels
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- $this->data(null)
- $this->validationErrors(empty)
- Loaded Helpers
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 4form
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 7html
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 9session
====

Science Assessment

Change to the characteristics of populations (i.e. the proportion of individuals in the population having certain traits) of organisms is always random, and is not influenced by the favorability of that change in a given environment (AAAS Project 2061, n.d.).

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